** G. 722, G. 722. 1, Speex, IP-MR and others for VoIP and videoconferencing

** G. 723. 1, G. 726, G. 728, G. 729, iLBC and others for VoIP or videoconferencing

** Cisco home page for Virtual LANs / VLAN Trunking Protocol ( VLANs / VTP ) ( discusses DSL, DTP, GVRP, ISL, VTP, 802. 1Q )

** Virtual LANs ( VLAN )

Even though many network professionals use the term " ISDN " to refer to the lower-bandwidth BRI circuit, in North America BRI is relatively uncommon whilst PRI circuits serving PBXs are commonplace.

QSIG is an ISDN based signaling protocol for signaling between private branch exchanges ( PBXs ) in a private integrated services network ( PISN ).

ISDN PBX systems also replaced some traditional PBXs in the 1990s, as ISDN offers features such as conference calling, call forwarding, and programmable caller ID.

In Europe these systems for analog phones were followed by consumer-grade PBXs for ISDN.

Using small PBXs for ISDN is a logical step, since the ISDN basic rate interface provides two logical phone lines ( via two ISDN B channels ) which can be used in parallel.

* ( c ) allows a variety of terminal types and subscriber networks, such as PBXs, local area networks ( LANs ), and controllers, to be connected to the network, and

* ISDN and PSTN / 3G videoconferencing systems, H. 320 and H. 324

In a videoconference, ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group ( room ) videoconferencing systems.

In the Integrated Services Digital Network ( ISDN ), a high-speed channel comprising multiple aggregated low-speed channels to accommodate bandwidth-intensive applications such as file transfer, videoconferencing, and high-quality audio.

With this quartlet from the leading technology companies the platform developed by the SignVideo Contact Centre enabled full access by videoconferencing through many different avenues from the legacy ISDN videophones to the latest in 3G video mobiles.

Internet teleconferencing includes internet telephone conferencing, videoconferencing, web conferencing, and Augmented Reality conferencing.

A video teleconferencing unit ( VTU ) is a piece of electrical equipment that performs videoconferencing functions, such as the coding and decoding of audio and video signals and multiplexing of video, audio, data, and control signals, and that usually does not include Input / Output ( I / O ) devices, cryptographic devices, network interface equipment, network connections, or the communications network to which the unit is connected.

It encompasses drug therapy monitoring, patient counseling, prior authorization, refill authorization, monitoring formulary compliance with the aid of teleconferencing or videoconferencing.

Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate teleconferencing, also available through the use of public access videoconferencing rooms.

* internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs and wide area networks

The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks ( WANs ), include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.

However, in terms of the application of computer networking protocols and concepts, it may be best to view WANs as computer networking technologies used to transmit data over long distances, and between different LANs, MANs and other localised computer networking architectures.

WANs necessarily do not just connect physically disparate LANs.

WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations.

Frame Relay often serves to connect local area networks ( LANs ) with major backbones as well as on public wide-area networks ( WANs ) and also in private network environments with leased lines over T-1 lines.

There are three features that differentiate MANs from LANs or WANs:

# The area of the network size is between LANs and WANs.

In absence of a server the Device Presence Protocol ( which comes in different variants for LANs and WANs ) is used.

Chaosnet was specifically for LANs ; features to support WANs were left out for the sake of simplicity.

iSCSI can be used to transmit data over local area networks ( LANs ), wide area networks ( WANs ), or the Internet and can enable location-independent data storage and retrieval.

Switched Multi-megabit Data Service ( SMDS ) was a connectionless service used to connect LANs, MANs and WANs to exchange data, in early 1990s.

OSI layer 2 ( data link layer, e. g. Ethernet frame in LANs or multi-link PPP in WANs, Ethernet MAC address ) aggregation typically occurs across switch ports, which can be either physical ports, or virtual ones managed by an operating system, e. g. such as those of Open vSwitch.