He distributed kingdoms between his children: Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia ( which were never conquered by Rome ), his twin Selene got Cyrenaica and Libya, and the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria and Cilicia.

It was co-written by Italian ultra-nationalist Gabriele d ' Annunzio and was released soon after the Italo-Turkish War, in which Italy conquered the North African Ottoman provinces of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania.

It was conquered by the Greek rulers of Cyrenaica, who were in turn displaced by the Carthaginians.

Sensing Roman weakness they conquered Barca, in Cyrenaica, then successively on to Tripolitania where they encountered resistance.

Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing by forcibly expelling 100, 000 Bedouin Cyrenaicans, half the population of Cyrenaica in Libya, from their settlements that was slated to be given to Italian settlers.

Tripolitania was a major exporter of olive oil ( produced there with the Centenaria farm system, protected by the Limes Tripolitanus ), as well as a centre for the gold and slaves conveyed to the coast by the Garamentes, while Cyrenaica remained an important source of wines, drugs, and horses.

Probably the most important legacy of the Italian rule-according to historians like Chapin Metz-is the political creation of " Libya " with the unification of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in 1934, done by Governor Italo Balbo.

The outbreak of the First World War with the necessity to bring back the troops to Italy, the proclamation of the Holy War by the Ottomans, the uprising of the Libyans in Tripolitania and Fezzan and the partisan war led by the Senussi in Cyrenaica forced the Italians to abandon all the occupied territory and to entrench themselves in Tripoli, Derna and the coast of Cyrenaica.

On 25 October 1920 the Italian government recognized Sheikh Sidi Idris the hereditary head of the nomadic Senussi, with wide authority in Kufra and other oases, as Emir of Cyrenaica, a new title extended by the British at the close of World War I.

In November 1942, the Allied forces retook Cyrenaica ; by February 1943, the last German and Italian soldiers were driven from Libya.

Sabellianism was embraced by Christians in Cyrenaica, to whom Demetrius, Patriarch of Alexandria, wrote letters arguing against this belief.

* November 5 – Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica ( this act is confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25, 1912 ).

At this time, the prefect of Egypt was Tenagino Probus, described as an able soldier who not only defeated an invasion of Cyrenaica by the nomadic tribes to the south in 269, but also was successful in hunting down " Skythian " ships in the Mediterranean.

After Auchinleck's defeat by Rommel and his disastrous retreat across Cyrenaica in 1942, Bevan made one of his most memorable speeches in the Commons in support of a motion of censure against the Churchill government.

He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.

* Cyrene and the Cyrenaica by Jona Lendering

Gortyn seems to have been pro-Roman and was rewarded by being made the capital of the joint province of Creta et Cyrenaica.

The new head of the Senussites maintained the friendly relations of his predecessors with Wadai, governing the order as regent for his young cousin, Mohammed Idris ( the future King Idris of Libya ), who signed the Acroma treaty with the Italians in 1917, and was later recognized by them as Emir of Cyrenaica on October 25, 1920.

When Operation Compass came to an end with the surrender of the Italian Tenth Army the corps HQ was deactivared in February and its responsibilities taken over by HQ Cyrenaica, a static command, reflecting the Allied defensive posture in the Western Desert as Middle East Command became obliged to focus on the campaign in Greece.

The inexperienced 2nd Armoured Division was soundly defeated and on 2 April Wavell came forward to review matters with Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Neame, by now the commander of British and Commonwealth troops in Cyrenaica ( Wilson having left to command the Allied expeditionary force in Greece ).

A family council was held there by the Ayyubid emirs of Egypt where it was decided that al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar, Saladin's nephew, would launch an expedition to the coastal region of Barqa ( Cyrenaica ) with a force of 500 cavalry.

The plant grew along a narrow coastal area, about 125 by 35 miles, in Cyrenaica ( in present-day Libya ).

Legio tertia Cyrenaica ( Third Cyrenean legion ) was a Roman legion probably levied by Mark Antony around 36 BC, when he was governor of Cyrenaica.

The Arab invasion of the Maghrib began in 642 AD when Amr ibn al-As, the governor of Egypt, invaded Cyrenaica, advancing as far as the city of Tripoli by 645 AD.

In 693 AD, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sent an army of 40, 000 men, commanded by Hasan ibn al-Nu ' man, into Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in order to remove the Byzantine threat to the Umayyads advance in North Africa.

By 64 BC, Julius Caesar's legions had established their occupation, and the Romans had thus unified all three regions of Libya ( Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and northern Fezzan ) in one single new province called Africa proconsularis ( later Cyrenaica was separated administratively ).

As part of his reorganization of the empire in 300 AD, the Emperor Diocletian separated the administration of Crete from Cyrenaica and in the latter formed the new provinces of " Upper Libya " and " Lower Libya ", using the term Libya for the first time as an administrative designation.

The governor Balbo ( after the creation of " Libya " in 1934, with the unification of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in a single country ) developed Italian Libya from 1934 to 1940, creating a huge infrastructure ( from 4, 000 km of roads to 400 km of narrow gauge railways to new industries and to dozen of new agricultural villages ).

In accordance with the constitution the new country had a federal government with the three states of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan having autonomy.

* January 21 – WWII: Erwin Rommel launches his new offensive in Cyrenaica.

He was recognized by the British under the new title Emir of the territory of Cyrenaica, a position also confirmed by the Italians in 1920.

As of 1 January 1934, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan were merged to form the new colony and Balbo moved to Libya.

In 1238, he issued a new set of canons for the Coptic church and its dependencies in Ethiopia, Nubia, and Cyrenaica.

The 4th century Christian historian Paulus Orosius records that the violence so depopulated the province of Cyrenaica that new colonies had to be established by Hadrian:

Trajan sent new troops under the praefectus praetorio Quintus Marcius Turbo, but Egypt and Cyrenaica were pacified only in autumn 117.

Ptolemy Apion, the last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as a Roman province.

In the long wars that followed between the different Diadochi, Ptolemy's first goal was to hold Egypt securely, and his second was to secure control in the outlying areas: Cyrenaica and Cyprus, as well as Syria, including the province of Judea.

Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the Legio III Cyrenaica, stationed at Bostra ( Busra, Syria ), in Arabia Petraea province, from AD 125 until the 5th century

The origin of the title / name Cyrenaica is not known-It may have been given to the Legion to signify its origin in Cyrene ( now Libya ), or to signify a major victory or for notable action in that province.

Tobruk was strategically important to the conquest of Eastern Libya, then the province of Cyrenaica, for several reasons.

Fezzan was a province under the Ottoman Turks and Italy, and a province ( wilayah ) or governorate ( muhafazah ) of independent Libya ( alongside Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ) until 1963.

Under the Roman Empire, Bosra was renamed Nova Trajana Bostra, and was the residence of the legio III Cyrenaica and capital of the Roman province Arabia Petraea.

In two months, the Allies advanced, occupying the Italian province of Cyrenaica and destroying the Italian 10th Army, but the operation was halted in February 1941 to give priority to the Battle of Greece.

Petra served as the base for Legio III Cyrenaica, and the governor of the province would spend time in both cities, issuing edicts from both.

Their objective was the port city of Derne, the capital of the province of Cyrenaica.

The operation was more successful than planned and resulted in the capture of the Libyan province of Cyrenaica and the advance of the Allied forces as far as El Agheila.

Gortyn continued to rise under Roman rule, and became the capital of the joint province of Creta et Cyrenaica.