* Elisabeth ( 1551 – 1596 )

1551 – 1630 ).

* Anastasius Germonius – Archbishop of Tarantaise and canon lawyer ( 1551 – 1627 )

* 1551 – Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord ( b. 1510 )

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

Reopened at Trent on 1 May 1551 by convocation of Pope Julius III ( 1550 – 5 ), it was broken up by the sudden victory of Maurice, Elector of Saxony over the Emperor Charles V and his march into surrounding state of Tirol on 28 April 1552.

The history of the council is thus divided into three distinct periods: 1545 – 49, 1551 – 52 and 1562 – 63.

He secured, during the council's second period, 1551 – 53, an invitation, twice given, to the Protestants to be present and the council issued a letter of safe conduct ( thirteenth session ) and offered them the right of discussion, but denied them a vote.

The most comprehensive history is still Hubert Jedin's The History of the Council of Trent ( Geschichte des Konzils von Trient ) with about 2500 pages in four volumes: The History of the Council of Trent, The fight for a Council ( Vol I, 1951 ); The History of the Council of Trent The first Sessions in Trent ( 1545 – 1547 ) ( Vol II, 1957 ); The History of the Council of Trent Sessions in Bologna 1547 – 1548 and Trent 1551 – 1552 ( Vol III, 1970, 1998 ); The History of the Council of Trent Third Period and Conclusion ( Vol IV, 1976 ).

* 1618 – Giulio Caccini, Italian composer ( b. 1551 )

* 1551 – Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell ( b. 1514 )

French written lute music began, as far as we know, with Pierre Attaingnant's ( c. 1494 – c. 1551 ) prints, which comprised preludes, dances and intabulations.

Particularly important was the Italian composer Albert de Rippe ( 1500 – 1551 ), who worked in France and composed polyphonic fantasias of considerable complexity.

* 1551 – William Camden, English historian ( d. 1623 )

* 1551 – National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.

Because it had not accepted the Augsburg Interim ( 1548 ), the city, by the emperor's commands, was besieged ( 1550 – 1551 ) by Maurice, Elector of Saxony, but it retained its independence.

Important naval victories of the Ottoman Empire in this period include the Battle of Preveza ( 1538 ); Battle of Ponza ( 1552 ); Battle of Djerba ( 1560 ); conquest of Algiers ( in 1516 and 1529 ) and Tunis ( in 1534 and 1574 ) from Spain ; conquest of Rhodes ( 1522 ) and Tripoli ( 1551 ) from the Knights of St. John ; capture of Nice ( 1543 ) from the Holy Roman Empire ; capture of Corsica ( 1553 ) from the Republic of Genoa ; capture of the Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) from Spain ; capture of Aden ( 1548 ), Muscat ( 1552 ) and Aceh ( 1565 – 67 ) from Portugal during the Indian Ocean expeditions ; among others.

Muscat was taken by the Portuguese on 1 April 1515, and was held until 26 January 1650, although the Ottomans controlled Muscat between 1550 – 1551 and 1581 – 1588.

After the death of Francis, Alamanni enjoyed the confidence of his successor Henry II, and in 1551 was sent by him as his ambassador to Genoa.

In 1551, at the request of the Emperor Charles V, he consented to the reopening of the council of Trent and entered into a league against the duke of Parma and Henry II of France ( 1547 – 59 ), but soon afterwards made terms with his enemies and suspended the meetings of the council ( 1553 ).

* August 2 – King Henry III of France ( b. 1551 )

She went on to bear Henry a further eight children, six of whom survived infancy, including the future Charles IX ( born 27 June 1550 ); the future Henry III ( born 19 September 1551 ); and Francis, Duke of Anjou ( born 18 March 1555 ).

* Henry III ( 1551 – 1589 ), also King of Poland ( heart burial monument )

A final war erupted with Francis ' son and successor, Henry II, in 1551.

The Italian War of 1551 – 1559, sometimes known as the Habsburg – Valois War, began when Henry declared war against Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs.

Henry III ( 19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589 ; born Alexandre Édouard de France,, ) was King of France from 1574 to 1589.

He had married Anne Parr, sister of Henry VIII's sixth wife, Catherine Parr, and was created Earl in 1551.

In 1551, Henry II and his entire court were guests of Claude Gouffier who had been granted the title Marquis de Caravaz.

* Henry III of France ( 1551 – 1589 ), also King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

King Henry III of France ( 1551 – 1589 ) was christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551, but at confirmation received the name Henri, by which he afterwards reigned.

In 1551, Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis to the throne, declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs.

James Goodwin, 1843 ), De obitu Martini Buceri ( 1551 ), ( Emperor Leo VI's ) De apparatu bellico ( Basel, 1554 ; but dedicated to Henry VIII, 1544 ), Carmen Heroicum, aut epithium in Antonium Dencium ( 1551 ), De pronuntiatione Graecae ... linguae ( Basel, 1555 ).

After serving in the army abroad, he was employed in 1551 to negotiate a marriage between King Edward VI of England and a daughter of Henry II of France.

George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven ( c. 1551 – 1617 ), was the son of Henry Tuchet, 10th Baron Audley ( died 1563 ) and his wife, née Elizabeth Sneyd.

In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the university but he preferred to call himself a professor of philosophy and eloquence at the Collège de France, where for a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2, 000.

By Catherine Willoughby he had two sons who showed great promise, Henry ( 1535 – 1551 ) and Charles ( c. 1537 – 1551 ), Dukes of Suffolk.

# Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk ( 18 September 1535 – 14 July 1551 ); sweating sickness

John Russell, a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI, was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551, and his descendant William, 5th Earl, was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution.

Portrait of D. John III, by Cristovão Lopes ; 1551.

During the interregnum that followed, Ottavio again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up the city to him, but met with no better success ; however, on the election of Giovanni Maria Giocchi to the papacy as Julius III, the duchy was conferred on him in 1551.

* Frederick IV of Brandenburg 1551 – 1552 ; Frederick III as administrator of Halberstadt

* Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse ( 1551 – 1614 ), Marshal of France in 1595.

The 1551 – 52 sessions convened by Pope Julius III at the Catholic Council of Trent restated and reaffirmed Catholic teaching and condemned anew the Protestant heresies.

He rose through the ranks of the Ottoman imperial system, eventually holding positions as commander of the imperial guard ( 1543 – 1546 ), High Admiral of the Fleet ( 1546 – 1551 ), Governor-General of Rumelia ( 1551 – 1555 ), Third Vizier ( 1555 – 1561 ), Second Vizier ( 1561 – 1565 ) and as Grand Vizier ( 1565 – 1579 ) ( for a total of 14 years, 3 months, 17 days ) under three Sultans: Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III.

The dogma was affirmed repeatedly by the Roman Catholic Church and within Roman Catholic theology, e. g. at the Council of Lyon, 1274 ( Dz § 465 ); by Pope Benedict XII, 1341 ( Dz § 544 ); by Pope Clement VI, 1351 ( Dz § 574a ); at the Council of Constance, 1418 ( Dz § 583 ); at the Council of Florence, 1439 ( Dz § 698 ); by Pope Julius III at the Council of Trent, 1551 ( Dz § 874 ); by Pope Benedict XIV, 1743 ( Dz § 1469 ); by Pope Pius VI, 1794 ( Dz § 1529 ); and by Pope Leo XIII, 1887 ( Dz § 1919 ), inter alia.

Pope Julius III, 1551: " There is, therefore, no room left for doubt that all the faithful of Christ in accordance with a custom always received in the Catholic Church offer in veneration the worship of latria which is due to the true God, to this most Holy Sacrament " ( Dz § 878 ).

In a letter to Christian III of Denmark in 1551, the mayor of Kiel, Carsten Griep, sent the king two maps of the north Atlantic made during the expeditions of Pining and Pothorst, " who were sent out by your majesty's royal grandfather King Christian the First, at the request of his majesty of Portugal, with certain ships to explore new countries and islands in the north, have raised on the rock Wydthszerck, lying off Greenland and towards Sniefeldsiekel in Iceland on the sea, a great sea-mark on account of the Greenland pirates ( presumably Inuit ).

He was soon ( February, 1551 ) sent down to Naples to inaugurate the Society's first college there, but after a few months was summoned by Ignatius to go back to the Council of Trent as theologian to pope Julius III.

They were dispensed from their vow of celibacy by Alexander VI ( 1502 ), who tolerated their marriage to prevent scandalous concubinage ; Julius III ( 1551 ) allowed them to dispose freely of their personal properties.

As members of the order were allowed to found families, and were authorized by Julius III ( 1551 ) to make free use of their personal property, the vow of poverty also passed into virtual desuetude.

The sword of state of Christian III was made in 1551 by Johann Siebe.