* 1559 – Bartolomé Carranza, Spanish archbishop, is arrested for heresy.

* 1503 – Christian III of Denmark ( d. 1559 )

* Alfonso II d ' Este ( 1533 – 1597 ), duke of Ferrara from 1559 to 1597

* 1559 – The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis treaty is signed, ending the Italian Wars.

The conservative nature of these changes underlines the fact that Protestantism was by no means universally popular – a fact that the queen herself recognized: her revived Act of Supremacy, giving her the ambiguous title of Supreme Governor passed without difficulty, but the Act of Uniformity 1559 giving statutory force to the Prayer Book, passed through the House of Lords by only three votes.

** Henry II ( 1547 – 1559 )

** Francis II ( 1559 – 1560 )

* Henry II ( 1547 – 1559 )

* Francis II ( 1559 – 1560 )

Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trent ( 1551 – 52 ) for the twelfth through sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth through twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trent ( 1559 – 63 ).

The council was reconvened by Pope Pius IV ( 1559 – 65 ) for the last time, meeting from 18 January 1562, and continued until its final adjournment on 4 December 1563.

During the protracted Ethiopian-Adal War ( 1529 – 1559 ), Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi defeated several Ethiopian Emperors and embarked on a conquest referred to as the Futuh Al-Habash (" Conquest of Abyssinia "), which brought three-quarters of Christian Abyssinia under the power of the Muslim Adal Sultanate.

This legend is found in two sources, Hans Svaning's History of King Hans from 1558 – 1559 and Johan Rantzau's History about the Last Dithmarschen War, from 1569.

In February 1577, it was rumoured that Oxford's sister Mary would marry Lord Gerald Fitzgerald ( 1559 – 1580 ), but by 2 July, she was linked with Peregrine Bertie, later Lord Willoughby d ' Eresby.

* 1559 – Isaac Casaubon, French classical scholar ( d. 1614 )

First ( 1559 ) he married Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Küstrin ( 29 August 1540 – 8 March 1578 ).

* Rice, Eugene F. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460 – 1559 ( 2nd ed.

The eventual Reformation of the Scottish Church followed a brief civil war in 1559 – 60, in which English intervention on the Protestant side was decisive.

** Henry II, 1547 – 1559

** Francis II, 1559 – 1560

France engaged in the long Italian Wars ( 1494 – 1559 ), which marked the beginning of early modern France.

Image: Kano White-robed Kannon, Bodhisattva of Compassion. jpg | A White-Robed Kannon, Bodhisattva of Compassion, by Kanō Motonobu ( 1476 – 1559 ), Japanese

Diana and Actaeon ( Titian ) | Diana and Actaeon, Titian, 1556 – 1559, a classic history painting, showing a dramatic moment in a mythological story, with elements of figure painting, landscape painting and still-life.

* 1559 – Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England in Westminster Abbey, London, England.

The Church of England ( which until the 20th century included the Church in Wales ) initially separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1538 in the reign of King Henry VIII, reunited in 1555 under Queen Mary I and then separated again in 1570 under Queen Elizabeth I ( the Roman Catholic Church excommunicated Elizabeth I in 1570 in response to the Act of Supremacy 1559 ).

The King Bayinnaung of Burma, after conquering the Bago in 1559, the Buddhist King prohibited the practice of halal, specifically, killing food animals in the name of God.

One branch of the ritualistic movement argued that both ' Romanisers ' ( by imitating the Church of Rome ) and their Evangelical opponents ( by imitating Reformed churches ) transgressed the Ornaments Rubric of 1559, ' that such Ornaments of the Church, and of the Ministers thereof, at all Times of their Ministration, shall be retained, and be in use, as were in this Church of England, by the Authority of Parliament, in the Second Year of the Reign of King Edward the Sixth '.

In 1559, King Frederik II recaptured it during his own Dithmarschen campaign.

* 1501 – Anthony Denny, confidant of King Henry VIII of England ( d. 1559 )

* 1519 – King Henry II of France ( d. 1559 )

* July 2 – King Christian II of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden ( d. 1559 )

* March 31 – King Henry II of France ( d. 1559 )

Catherine de ' Medici ( Italian: Caterina de ' Medici, 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589 ), daughter of Lorenzo II de ' Medici and of Madeleine de La Tour d ' Auvergne, was a Franco / Italian noblewoman who was Queen consort of France from 1547 until 1559, as the wife of King Henry II of France.

Under the gallicised version of her name, Catherine de Médicis, she was Queen consort of France as the wife of King Henry II of France from 1547 to 1559.

It was a violent sport -- King Henry II of France was killed in a tournament in 1559, as were many lesser men.

Frederick II ( 1 July 1534 – 4 April 1588 ) was King of Denmark and Norway and duke of Schleswig from 1559 until his death.

Francis II ( French: François II ) ( 19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560 ) was aged 15 when he succeeded to the throne of France after the accidental death of his father, King Henry II, in 1559.

He was born at the Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau, the son of Henry II, King of France ( 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559 ) and Catherine de ' Medici ( 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589 ).

On July 10, 1559, Francis became king of France, succeeding his father, Henry II, King of France, who died accidentally.

File: Scotland Arms 1559. svg | Royal arms of Francis, Dauphin and King consort of Scots

Later, in his Apology ( 1580 ), William stated that his resolve to oppose the King's policies had originated in June 1559, when, during a hunting trip to the Bois de Vincennes together with the duke of Alva and King Henry II of France, to whom both had been sent as hostages to ensure the proper fulfilment of the conditions of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis following the Hispano-French war, the latter two had openly discussed a secret understanding between Philip and Henry which aimed at the extermination of the Protestants in both France and the Netherlands ; William at that time had kept silent, but had decided for himself that he would not allow the slaughter of so many innocent subjects.

Following the accidental death of Henry II in 1559, his son succeeded as King Francis II along with his wife, the Queen Consort also known as Mary Queen of Scots.

Henry II ( 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559 ) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.

On 30 June 1559, at the Place Royale at the Hôtel des Tournelles, during a match to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis with his longtime enemies, the Habsburgs of Austria, and to celebrate the marriage of his daughter Elisabeth of Valois to King Philip II of Spain, King Henry was mortally wounded by the lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the King's Scottish Guard.