In alliance with the growing commercial world, the parliamentary opposition to the royal prerogative, and in the late 1630s with the Scottish Presbyterians with whom they had much in common, the Puritans became a major political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War ( 1642 – 46 ).

* 1642 – Irish Confederate Wars: A Confederate Irish militia is routed in the Battle of Kilrush when it attempts to halt the progress of the British Army.

* Adventurers Act to raise money to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1641 19 March 1642

After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Limerick city was taken in a siege by Catholic general Garret Barry in 1642.

In 1642 – 49, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, there was brief experiment in independent Irish government known as Confederate Ireland.

In 1642 the motto of the Irish Confederates, a Catholic-landlord administration that ruled much of Ireland until 1650 was: Pro Deo, Rege et Patria, Hibernia Unanimis.

In spring 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, the Catholic Confederation, with its capital at Kilkenny, and began to raise their own regular troops, more organized and capable than the irregular militia of the 1641 rebellion.

However in 1642, O ' Neill returned to Ireland with 300 veterans to aid the Irish Rebellion of 1641.

The Green harp flag, a symbol of the Irish nation dating back at least to Confederate Ireland from 1642, used by O ' Neill's forces.

Because of his military experience, O ' Neill was recognised on his return to Ireland, at Doe Castle in Donegal ( end of July 1642 ), as the leading representative of the O ' Neills and head of the Ulster Irish.

He and Lord Inchiquin commanded the forces which defeated the Irish irregular army at the Battle of Liscarroll on 3 September 1642, thereby preserving the Protestant interest in southern Ireland for the remainder of the decade.

( Irish: Uilliam Beidil ; 1571 – 7 February 1642 ), was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore.

The latter's son, the third Baron, was shot in 1642 on the orders of Sir Phelim O ' Neill, the leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641.

By 1642 native Irish were de facto in control of much of the nation under a Confederate Ireland, with about a third under the control of the opposition.

Boyle returned to Ireland on the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641 and fought with his brothers against the Irish rebels at the battle of Liscarroll in September 1642.

The rebellion spread throughout the country and at Kilkenny in 1642 the association of The Confederate Catholics of Ireland was formed to organise the Irish Catholic war effort.

Garret Barry, a returned Irish mercenary soldier, took Limerick in 1642, while the townspeople of Galway forced the surrender of the English garrison there in 1643.

When Ulster was occupied by Scottish Covenanter troops in 1642, they retaliated for the attacks on settlers by attacks on the Irish Catholic civilian population.

These were: the Royalists loyal to King Charles, the Scottish Covenanters ( sent into Ulster in 1642 to protect Protestant planters after the massacres that marked the Irish rebellion of 1641 in that region ), the Parliamentarian army and the Irish Confederate army, to whom most of the inhabitants of Ireland gave their allegiance.

The Irish Confederates: Formed in October 1642, the Confederation of Kilkenny was initially a rebel Irish Catholic movement, fighting against the English troops sent to put down the rebellion, though they insisted they were at war with the king's advisers and not with Charles himself.

In the summer of 1642, the Scottish Parliament sent some 10, 000 soldiers to quell the Irish rebellion.

The Wars included the Bishops ' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644 – 45 ; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642 – 49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 ( collectively the Eleven years war or Irish Confederate Wars ); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642 – 46, 1648 – 49 and 1650 – 51.

And with the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642, rural communities began to seize timber and other resources on the estates of royalists, Catholics, the royal family and the church hierarchy.

The forces of the Confederate Catholics took Banagher in 1642, but it was retaken by the Cromwellian Army in 1650, under the command of Henry Ireton, Cromwell's son-in-law.

The garrison at Fort Falkland was overrun by the forces of the Confederate Catholics in 1642 but was recaptured by Cromwell's army in 1650.

The next significant moment occurred in 1642 when the Confederate Catholics Association of Ireland – an Irish Catholic government formed to fight the Irish Confederate Wars, assembled at Kilkenny and held an all-Ireland assembly.

The Shrule massacre in early 1642 involved the deaths of dozens of Protestants travelling under safe conduct, where all the local officials and escort were Catholics.

Many settlers massacred Catholics when they got the chance, particularly in 1642 – 43 when a Scottish Covenanter army landed in Ulster.

* Secondly, the Long Parliament and the Irish administration, and King Charles, made it clear that Irish Catholics who did not demonstrate their loyalty would be held responsible for the rebellion and killings of settlers, and would confiscate their lands under the Adventurers Act, agreed on 19 March 1642.

By the summer of 1642, the Irish Catholics controlled more than two-thirds of Ireland and the rebellion had become more of a conventional war between the Irish and the British-controlled enclaves in Ulster, Dublin and Cork.

The Ulster Army was raised by the Irish Confederate Catholics in 1642 to organise the insurgent forces who were operating there since the rebellion of the previous year.

* Siege of Limerick ( 1642 ), English Protestants surrendered to Confederate Catholics

* Entrepreneurs, Merchant Adventurers-this refers to the Adventurers Act passed by the English Parliament in 1642, which decreed that that loans given to the Parliamentarians during the Civil Wars could be recouped by the creditors receiving land confiscated from those Irish Catholics who rebelled or remained neutral in the 1640s.

French, along with several other Catholic clerics and gentry, helped to organise the rebels into a more cohesive political movement, the Confederate Catholics of Ireland in March 1642, with the intention of attaining freedom of religion and legal equality for Catholics and self government for Ireland.

The Church considers the first seven Ecumenical Councils ( held between the 4th and the 8th century ) to be the most important ; however, there have been more, specifically the Synods of Constantinople, 879 – 880, 1341, 1347, 1351, 1583, 1819, and 1872, the Synod of Iaşi ( Jassy ), 1642, and the Pan-Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem, 1672, all of which helped to define the Orthodox position.

Hundreds of German technicians and skilled workers were brought over ; in 1642 a colony of 4000 foreigners was mining and smelting copper at Keswick in the northwestern mountains.

Dutch explorers, sailing around southern Africa, also engaged in discovery and trade ; Abel Janszoon Tasman discovered Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642.

* Sir Isaac Newton ( 1642 – 1727 ) Lucasian professor of mathematics, Cambridge University ; author, ' Philosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica '.

English Renaissance theatre, also known as early modern English theatre, refers to the theatre of England, largely based in London, which occurred between 1567, when the first English theatre ' The Red Lion ' was opened ; and the closure of the theatres in 1642.

In 1642, Pope Urban VIII followed up with a papal bull entitled In eminenti, which condemned Augustinus on the grounds that ( 1 ) it was published in violation of the order that no works concerning grace should be published without the prior permission of the Holy See ; and ( 2 ) the work repeated several errors of Baianism which had been condemned by Pope Pius V's 1567 bull, Ex omnibus afflictionibus.

For the rest of 1642 and part of the 1643 campaigns, Thomas Francis ommanded Piedmontese forces fighting alongside the French under Henri II d ' Orléans, duc de Longueville against the Spanish, generally along the Piedmont / Milan border ; when Longueville was recalled home, he succeeded him as allied commander-in-chief, with Henri de la Tour d ' Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne as his second-in-command.

For the rest of 1642 and part of the 1643 campaigns, Thomas commanded Piedmontese forces fighting alongside the French under Henri II d ' Orléans, duc de Longueville against the Spanish, generally along the Piedmont / Milan border ; when Longueville was recalled home, Thomas succeeded him as allied commander-in-chief, with Turenne as his second-in-command.

The most outstanding humanists, poets and artists of the day, in the full intensity of their creative powers, devoted themselves to producing masques ; and until the Puritans closed the English theatres in 1642, the masque was the highest artform in England.

Born Yesterday opened on February 4, 1946 on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatreand ran there until November 6, 1948 ; the play transferred to Henry Miller's Theatre on November 9, 1948 and closed on December 31, 1949, after a total of 1642 performances.

He remained in office until his death in 1642 ; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered.

Rossi composed just two operas: Il palazzo incantato, which was given at Rome in 1642 ; and Orfeo, written after he was invited by Cardinal Mazarin in 1646 to go to Paris for that purpose,

Cardinal Richelieu originally fulfilled this role ; upon his death in 1642, Pierre Séguier, the Chancellor of France, succeeded him.

Methuen was first settled in 1642 and was officially incorporated in 1726 ; it is named for the British diplomat Sir Paul Methuen.

The south and west ranges and the gate tower were built around 1620 to 1622 ; the north and east ranges and the chapel buildings date from 1637 to 1642.

Merton College records in the 1290s call it Iftele and Yiftele ; it is Yeftley to the civil servants writing up the Domesday of Inclosures, in Latin, in 1517 – 18 ; Lincoln College accounts, written less formally and in English, have Ifley by 1543, and it is Iffley or Iflie during the Civil War 1642 – 46.

Sir Henry Wotton dying in 1639, Walton undertook his life also ; it was finished in 1642 and published in 1651.

; in French, 1642 );

In 1642, at the age of 26, he moved to Madrid, where he most likely became familiar with the work of Velázquez, and would have seen the work of Venetian and Flemish masters in the royal collections ; the rich colors and softly modeled forms of his subsequent work suggest these influences.

In addition the Scots Covenanters, who had landed an army in the northeast of Ireland at Carrickfergus to counter the Catholic rebellion in that part of the country in early 1642, had subsequently put northeast Ireland on the side of the English Parliamentarians against the king ; and the relatively strong Protestant presence in and around Derry and Cork City was inclined to side with the Parliamentarians as well, and soon did so.

His objections to the fundamental propositions of Descartes appeared in print in 1642 ; they appear as the Fifth Set of Objections in the works of Descartes.

In 1642 he was ordered into custody as a delinquent ; thereafter he took refuge in Oxford, and ultimately returned to London to the house of William Fuller ( 1580 ?- 1659 ), dean of Ely, whose daughter Jane was his second wife.

He demanded that before anything further was done the members should be cleared of their impeachment ; was himself leader in the impeachment of the Duke of Richmond ; and on 31 January 1642, when taking up the militia petition to the House of Lords, he adopted a very menacing tone, at the same time presenting a petition of some thousands of supposed starving artificers of London, congregated round the House.