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Page "Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics" ¶ 59
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1821 and
In 1821, the settlers moved and renamed the settlement Columbia a poetic name for the United States.
1821 English and Tahitian missionaries land in Aitutaki, become the first non-Polynesian settlers.
She was the second oldest of seven children Guelma Penn ( 1818 – 1873 ), Hannah Lapham ( 1821 – 1877 ), Daniel Read ( 1824 – 1904 ), Mary Stafford ( 1827 – 1907 ), Eliza Tefft ( 1832 – 1834 ), and Jacob Merritt ( 1834 – 1900 ).
* Ralph Waldo Emerson poem Indian Superstition ( 1821 )
486 Greek Cypriots were executed on 9 July 1821, accused of conspiring with the rebelling Greeks, including four Bishops and numerous prominent citizens all beheaded in the central square of Nicosia, while Archbishop Kyprianos was hanged.
* 1821 Thomas Johann Seebeck invents the thermocouple
* 1821 Thomas Johann Seebeck discovers the thermoelectric effect.
* 1821 Augustin-Jean Fresnel derives a mathematical demonstration that polarization can be explained only if light is entirely transverse, with no longitudinal vibration whatsoever.
# Zephaniah Swift Moore, 1821 1823
In 1821, an guest cabin was built on Mount Holyoke by a local committee one of the first New England summit houses.
Today's St. Marks evidently has its roots in American commercial activity that took hold beneath the walls of the fort upon acquisition of Spanish Florida by the U. S. in 1821 before the settlement moved slightly up St. Marks River to the present position.
In his 1821 play, Almansor, the German writer Heinrich Heine referring to the burning of the Muslim holy book, the Qur ' an, during the Spanish Inquisition wrote, " Where they burn books, so too will they in the end burn human beings.
* February 14 Charles Samuel Bovy-Lysberg, composer and pianist ( b. 1821 )
* 1821 William Buckland analyzes Kirkdale Cave in Yorkshire, containing the bones of lions, elephants and rhinoceros, and concludes it was a prehistoric hyena den.
In 1821 Virginia named a new county Morgan County in his honor.
* Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus ( Horsfield 1821 ) Sumatra and Tebingtinggi ;
The Greek War of Independence ( 1821 1829 ) was fought to liberate Greece from a three centuries long Ottoman occupation.
The numerous revolutions in Crete, during and after the Greek War of Independence, ( 1821, 1833, 1841, 1858, 1866, 1878, 1889, 1895, 1897 ) were the result of the Cretans ' desire for Enosis Union with Greece.
In 1821, the Fine Arts Institution of Edinburgh accepted three of Roberts's paintings views of Melrose and Dryburgh abbeys ) two of which sold.
Scholars affiliated with the academy include: Bi Yuan ( 畢沅, 1730 – 1797 ), Sang Tiaoyuan ( 桑调元, 1695 – 1771 ), Shen Qiyuan ( 沈起元, 1685 – 1763 ), He Shaoji ( 何紹基, 1799 – 1873 ), Kuang Yuan ( 匡源, 1815 – 1881 ), Wang Zhihan ( 王之翰, 1821 – 1850 ), Liu Yaochun ( 刘耀春 ), Zhu Xuedu ( 朱学笃, 1826 1892 ), and Miao Quansun ( 缪荃孙, 1844 – 1919 ).
Further, after first asserting that the revival had occurred in 1821, when Smith was in his " fifteenth year ," Cowdery corrected the date to 1823 Smith's 17th ( actually, 18th ) year.

1821 and André-Marie
André-Marie Ampère in 1819-1820 ; Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827.

1821 and theory
At Paris Flourens engaged in physiological research, occasionally contributing to publications ; and in 1821, at the Athénée, he gave a course of lectures on the physiological theory of the sensations, which attracted much attention amongst men of science.
James Croll ( 2 January 1821 – 15 December 1890 ) was a 19th century Scottish scientist who developed a theory of climate change based on changes in the Earth's orbit.
Though it is widely believed that the mill was originally sited in nearby Chesham and moved to Lacey Green in 1821, no primary sources have been found to substantiate this and the Chiltern Society has been unable to trace the story beyond 1932 A somewhat speculative theory to perhaps explain the story's origin has been advanced by Michael Highfield, author of the Chiltern Society's guide to the mill.
In 1814 Venturi wrote Commentarj sopra la storia e le teorie dell ' ottica ( Commentaries about the history and theory of optics ), which included Hero of Alexandria's treatise on the dioptra and from 1818 to 1821 he compiled, edited and published many of Galileo's manuscripts and letters in Memorie e lettere inedite finora o disperse di Galileo Galilei, ordinate e illustrate con annotazioni.
Gauss published a further development of the theory of least squares in 1821, including a version of the Gauss – Markov theorem.
Navier formulated the general theory of elasticity in a mathematically usable form ( 1821 ), making it available to the field of construction with sufficient accuracy for the first time.
He authored and published an important textbook on the theory and practice of watchmaking: " Manuel Chronométrique ou précis de ce qui concerne le temps, ses divisions, ses mesures, leurs usages ", Published 1821 by Didot, Paris ( 267 pages, Frontispiece and 5 engraved foldout plates ).

1821 and predicting
He was known, especially in Ireland, for predicting the downfall of Protestantism in 1821 – 5 and the triumphant emergence of the Catholic Church.

1821 and force
The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821.
After several attempts and hardships, ACS representatives in December 1821 succeeded, perhaps with some threat of force ( see American Colonization Society ), to buy Cape Mesurado, a 36-mile long strip of land near current day Monrovia, from the indigenous ruler King Peter.
On the National Geographic Channel television program, " Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr ", Dr. Brady Barr measured the bite force of an adult female hippo at 8100 N ( 1821 lbf ); Barr also attempted to measure the bite pressure of an adult male hippo, but had to abandon the attempt due to the male's aggressiveness.
In 1821, a force of Greek fighters led by Athanasios Diakos made a stand near the pass to stop a force of 8, 000 Turks from marching down from Thessaly to put down revolts in Roumeli and the Peloponnese.
The Red River formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation or Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Like his predecessor Lt. Robert Stockton, who in 1821 established the site for Monrovia by " persuading " a local chief referred to as " King Peter " to sell Cape Montserado ( or Mesurado ) by pointing a pistol at his head, Ashmun was prepared to use force to extend the colony's territory.
The Arkansas from its headwaters to the 100th meridian west formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation or Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo.
It includes the Resplendent Quetzal, the national bird of Guatemala that symbolizes liberty ; a parchment scroll bearing the date of Central America's independence from Spain, 15 September 1821 ; crossed rifles, indicating Guatemala's willingness to defend itself by force if need be ; a bay laurel crown, the symbol for victory ; and crossed swords, representing honor.
Canto 11 Don Juan, 1821, by Byron ) or to those living per “ Beylisme ”: personal happiness being the purpose of existence accordingly, every action taken to achieve that is permissible hence Julien ’ s expediency with people wherein “ La force d ’ âme ” (“ Force of the soul ”) is the most important virtue, realised as courage, resolution, and moral energy.
Mehemet Ali had already, in 1821, been appointed by him governor of Crete, which he had occupied with a small Egyptian force.
The war culminated in Persian victory at the Battle of Erzurum in 1821, where Abbas Mirza's army routed a superior Ottoman force.
In 1821 Warren County, Pennsylvania tried to force Cornplanter to pay taxes for his land, which he protested on the basis that the land had been " granted " to him by the U. S. government.
He served as the general's agent in a campaign against a combined force of loyalist and Spanish soldiers and during the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 – 1821 ).
This invasion force was driven back across the border, but the newly modernized Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah army of 30, 000 troops defeated 50, 000 Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Erzurum near Lake Van in 1821.
On February 7, 1821, the Board of Engineers reported: " In the Delaware, the fort on the Pea Patch island, and one on the Delaware shore opposite, defend the water passage as far below Philadelphia as localities will permit: They force an enemy to land forty miles below the city to attack it by land, and thus afford time for the arrival of succors [...] The two projected forts will also have the advantages of covering the canal destined to connect the Chesapeake with the Delaware "
He entered that city on July 4, 1821, with a force of several hundred soldiers accompanied by fleeing officials from Zacatecas and nearby localities.

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