The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War ( 1853 – 1856 ); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.

* 1856 – William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer ( d. 1937 )

* 1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer ( d. 1883 )

* 1856 – Alfred Deakin, Australian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1919 )

* 1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer ( d. 1916 )

* 1856 – Aparicio Saravia, Uruguayan politician and military leader ( d. 1904 )

* 1856 – Diamond Jim Brady, American financier ( d. 1917 )

* 1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist ( d. 1856 )

** Various articles on Alcidamas ( 1856 – 1919, with links to further online material )

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1856 – Carle David Tolmé Runge, German physicist ( d. 1927 )

* 1910 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter ( b. 1856 )

* 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American artist ( b. 1856 )

* John Cramp, 1851 – 1853 ( and 1856 – 1869 )

* Edmund Crawley, 1853 – 1856

* John Cramp, 1856 – 1869

* 1856 – William Willett, English builder and daylight saving time advocate ( d. 1915 )

* 1856 – Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaria burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.

* 1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University.

He married firstly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople in 1856 to Georgian HH Dürrünev Kadın Efendi ( Batumi, 15 March 1835 – Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 3 December 1892 ), and had three children.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

* 1856 – Henri Philippe Pétain, French soldier and statesman ( d. 1951 )

When the presidential election of 1856 approached, Johnson and supporters harbored a vague hope for the presidency, and he gave a speech to the Tennessee Democratic delegates reiterating his views ; some county conventions designated him a favorite son and the Nashville Union and American proposed his nomination.

Other claimants included the United States, whose American Guano Mining Company claimed it under the Guano Islands Act of 1856 ; Mexico also claimed Clipperton due to activities undertaken there as early as 1848 – 1849.

In 1856, William Walker, an American filibuster began incursions into Central America.

Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.

* 1937 – Frank B. Kellogg, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ( b. 1856 )

Archtop guitars are steel-string instruments in which the top ( and often the back ) of the instrument are carved from a solid billet in a curved rather than a flat shape ; this violin-like construction is usually credited to the American Orville Gibson ( 1856 – 1918 ).

* 1856 – Thaddeus William Harris, American naturalist ( b. 1795 )

* 1856 – Arthur Bird, American composer ( d. 1923 )

1856: war with Grebo and Kru peoples, leading to the last American African colony, Republic of Maryland, joining Liberia.

Lyman Frank Baum ( May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919 ) was an American author of children's books, best known for writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

* 1856 – Robert Peary, American explorer ( d. 1920 )

* 1856 – Tom O ' Rourke, American boxing manager ( d. 1938 )

* 1856 – Colin Campbell Cooper, American Impressionist painter ( d. 1937 )

* 1795 – Thaddeus William Harris, American naturalist ( d. 1856 )

* 1799 – William Sprague III, American politician ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – Jim McCormick, American baseball player ( d. 1918 )

* 1856 – Charles Leroux, American balloonist and parachutist ( d. 1889 )

Rather than undergo surgery ( a risky procedure in 1856 ), the Gosses decided to submit to the ointments of an American doctor, Jesse Weldon Fell, who if not a charlatan, was certainly on the fringe of contemporary medical practice.

* Robert L. Stevens ( 1787 – 1856 ), American shipbuilder and railroad executive

In 1856, Anthony further attempted to unify the African-American and women's rights movements when, recruited by abolitionist Abby Kelley Foster, she became an agent for William Lloyd Garrison's American Anti-Slavery Society of New York.

* 1856 – Louis Sullivan, American architect, designed the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building ( d. 1924 )

* 1856 – Thomas E. Watson, American lawyer, publisher, and politician ( d. 1922 )