The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War ( 1853 – 1856 ); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.

* 1856 – William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer ( d. 1937 )

* 1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer ( d. 1883 )

* 1856 – Alfred Deakin, Australian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1919 )

* 1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer ( d. 1916 )

* 1856 – Aparicio Saravia, Uruguayan politician and military leader ( d. 1904 )

* 1856 – Diamond Jim Brady, American financier ( d. 1917 )

* 1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist ( d. 1856 )

** Various articles on Alcidamas ( 1856 – 1919, with links to further online material )

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1856 – Carle David Tolmé Runge, German physicist ( d. 1927 )

* 1910 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter ( b. 1856 )

* 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American artist ( b. 1856 )

* John Cramp, 1851 – 1853 ( and 1856 – 1869 )

* Edmund Crawley, 1853 – 1856

* John Cramp, 1856 – 1869

* 1856 – William Willett, English builder and daylight saving time advocate ( d. 1915 )

* 1856 – Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaria burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.

* 1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University.

He married firstly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople in 1856 to Georgian HH Dürrünev Kadın Efendi ( Batumi, 15 March 1835 – Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 3 December 1892 ), and had three children.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

* 1856 – Henri Philippe Pétain, French soldier and statesman ( d. 1951 )

In 1856, the German pathologist Rudolph Virchow described three causes of venous thrombosis, now known as Virchow's triad: a decreased flow rate of the blood ( venous stasis ), an increased tendency of the blood to clot ( hypercoagulability ), and changes to the blood vessel wall.

After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet ( 1797 – 1856 ), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street.

* 1797 – Heinrich Heine, German poet ( d. 1856 )

It was popularized by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ) in 1893, 1896 and 1899 in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that would eventually be reframed into a substantially different disease concept and relabeled as schizophrenia.

Emil Kraepelin ( 15 February 1856, Neustrelitz – 7 October 1926, Munich ) was a German psychiatrist.

* 1856 – Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist ( d. 1926 )

A second German edition, thoroughly revised ( 1856 – 1861 ), also covered Old Armenian.

* " The Natural History of German Life ", 1856

Portrait by Friedrich Engels. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856 ), better known as Max Stirner ( the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German ' Stirn '), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism.

* 1810 – Robert Schumann, German composer ( d. 1856 )

J. Edgar Hoover was born on New Year's Day 1895 in Washington, D. C., to Anna Marie ( née Scheitlin ; 1860 – 1938 ), who was of German Swiss descent, and Dick Naylor Hoover, Sr. ( 1856 – 1921 ), of English and German ancestry.

* 1933 – Walther von Dyck, German mathematician ( b. 1856 )

* 1806 – Max Stirner, German philosopher ( d. 1856 )

* February 16 – Wilhelm von Gloeden, German photographer ( b. 1856 )

* October 7 – Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist ( b. 1856 )

* October 5 – Hans von Bartels, German painter ( b. 1856 )

* December 9 – Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, Austrian general and German field marshal ( b. 1856 )

* January 14 – Hermann Iseke, German doctor ( b. 1856 )

* December 13 – Heinrich Heine, German poet ( d. 1856 )

* June 8 – Robert Schumann, German composer and pianist ( d. 1856 )

Many artists have illustrated the Arabian nights, including: Pierre-Clément Marillier for Le Cabinet des Fées ( 1785 – 1789 ) Gustave Doré, Léon Carré ( Granville, 1878-Alger, 1942 ), Roger Blachon, Françoise Boudignon, André Dahan, Amato Soro, Albert Robida, Alcide Théophile Robaudi and Marcelino Truong ; Vittorio Zecchin ( Murano, 1878 – Murano, 1947 ) and Emanuele Luzzati ; The German Morgan ; Mohammed Racim ( Algiers, 1896-Algiers 1975 ), Sani ol-Molk ( 1849 – 1856 ) and Emre Orhun.

Schumann or Schuman most famously refers to Robert Schumann ( 1810 – 1856 ), German composer and critic ; it may also refer to the following: