The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War ( 1853 – 1856 ); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.

* 1856 – William Martin Conway, English art critic and mountaineer ( d. 1937 )

* 1776 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist ( d. 1856 )

* 1856 – George Coulthard, Australian footballer and cricketer ( d. 1883 )

* 1856 – Alfred Deakin, Australian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1919 )

* 1856 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer ( d. 1916 )

* 1856 – Aparicio Saravia, Uruguayan politician and military leader ( d. 1904 )

* 1856 – Diamond Jim Brady, American financier ( d. 1917 )

* 1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist ( d. 1856 )

** Various articles on Alcidamas ( 1856 – 1919, with links to further online material )

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson ( 1778 – 1812 ) and Mary (" Polly ") McDonough ( 1783 – 1856 ), a seamstress and the daughter of Andrew McDonough.

* 1856 – Carle David Tolmé Runge, German physicist ( d. 1927 )

* 1910 – Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter ( b. 1856 )

* 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American artist ( b. 1856 )

* John Cramp, 1851 – 1853 ( and 1856 – 1869 )

* Edmund Crawley, 1853 – 1856

* John Cramp, 1856 – 1869

* 1856 – William Willett, English builder and daylight saving time advocate ( d. 1915 )

* 1856 – Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaria burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.

* 1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University.

He married firstly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople in 1856 to Georgian HH Dürrünev Kadın Efendi ( Batumi, 15 March 1835 – Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, 3 December 1892 ), and had three children.

He married thirdly in 1872 to Circassian HH Gevherin Nedaxe Kadın Efendi ( Caucasus, 8 July 1856 – Ortaköy Palace, Ortaköy, Constantinople, 20 September 1894 ), and had one child.

* 1856 – Henri Philippe Pétain, French soldier and statesman ( d. 1951 )

In 1856 at the age of 81 he published Antony and Octavius: Scenes for the Study, twelve consecutive poems in dialogue, and " Letter to Emerson ", as well as continuing Imaginary Conversations.

* " The Natural History of German Life ", 1856

He also published Modern Greece, A Narrative of a Residence and Travels in that Country ( 1856 ); a biography of his father, The Life of the Rev.

He published the first part of it in 1835, the year in which David Strauss, his colleague, published his Life of Jesus ; completed it in 1839, and afterwards considerably enlarged it for a second edition ( 1845 – 1856 ).

* The Moral Sayings of Publius Syrus, a Roman Slave, English translation published in 1856, with a Sketch of the Life of Syrus.

He published Essays, Ecclesiastical and Social, in 1856, and a novel, Perversion, or the Causes and Consequences of Infidelity, but is best known as the joint author ( with JS Howson ) of The Life and Epistles of St Paul ( 1851 ).

In 1856 he published a valuable essay on Calderón, with a translation of a portion of Life is a Dream in the original metre.

Many of her writings were soon collected together by her brother Arthur as At Home and Abroad ( 1856 ) and Life Without and Life Within ( 1858 ).

* Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm ( London, 1856 )

Other works followed at intervals of longer or shorter duration-Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States ( 1840 ); Way of Life ( 1841, republished in England, translated into other languages, and circulated to the extent of 35, 000 copies in America ); Commentary on Ephesians ( 1856 ); on First Corinthians ( 1857 ); on Second Corinthians ( 1859 ).

The book was published in New York and London in 1856 as The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians.

He was the author of The Gaberlunzie's Wallet ( 1843 ), Miller of Deanhaugh ( 1845 ), Poems ( 1856 ), 100 Songs with Music ( 1865 ), and a Life of David Roberts, R. A. ( 1866 ).

James B. Finley, or, Pioneer Life in the West, 1856.

George W. Rice ( 1823 – 1856 ), a young insurance agent who was selling policies for Connecticut Mutual Life in Hartford, Connecticut, had wanted to open a business in neighboring Massachusetts.

Besides the works mentioned St. John was also the author of Journal of a Residence in Normandy ( 1830 ); Lives of Celebrated Travellers ( 1830 ); Anatomy of Society ( 1831 ); History, Manners and Customs of the Hindus ( 1831 ); Margaret Ravenscroft, or Second Love ( 3 vols., 1835 ); The Hellenes, or Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece ( 1842 ); Sir Cosmo Digby, a novel ( 1844 ); Views in the Eastern Archipelago ( 1847 ); There and Back Again in Search of Beauty ( 1853 ); The Nemesis of Power ( 1854 ); Philosophy at the Foot of the Cross ( 1854 ); The Preaching of Christ ( 1855 ); The Ring and the Veil, a novel ( 1856 ); Life of Louis Napoleon ( 1857 ); History of the Four Conquests of England ( 1862 ); and Weighed in the Balance, a novel ( 1864 ).

His Life, by Biondelli, appeared at Milan in 1856.

" The Republicans gained majorities in both House and Senate for the first time since Democrats in the 1856 elections, they were to be seated in numbers which Lincoln might use to govern, a national parliamentary majority even before pro-slavery House and Senate seats vacated.

Austro-Asiatic, which also includes Mon, Vietnamese and Munda, has been studied since 1856 and was first proposed as a language family in 1907.

In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of the United States ' first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council.

The third pandemic erupted in 1839, persisted until 1856, extended to North Africa, and reached South America, for the first time specifically infringing upon Brazil.

The first human-made ( synthetic ) organic dye, mauveine, was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856.

), the first recorded occurrences of the relevant words were Tao 1736, Tau 1747, Taouism and Taouist 1838, Taoistic 1856, Tao-ism 1858, Taoism 1903 wrong, at least antedated by Balfour ( 1881 ), Daoism 1948, Dao and Daoist 1971.

Rock Island Railroad built the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River in 1856.

It was popularized by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ) in 1893, 1896 and 1899 in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that would eventually be reframed into a substantially different disease concept and relabeled as schizophrenia.

The most significant figure of the era, however, was General José María Urbina, who first came to power in 1851 through a coup d ' état, remained in the presidency until 1856, and then continued to dominate the political scene until 1860.

Mass public support for the captured ' rebels ' in the colony's capital of Melbourne when they were placed on trial resulted in the introduction of the Electoral Act 1856, which mandated full white male suffrage for elections for the lower house in the Victorian parliament, the first instituted political democracy in Australia.

The expression " French Fried Potatoes " first occurs in print in English in the 1856 work Cookery for Maids of All Work by E. Warren: " French Fried Potatoes.

* 1856 – The Republican Party opens its first national meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Cantor's father had been a member of the Saint Petersburg stock exchange ; when he became ill, the family moved to Germany in 1856, first to Wiesbaden then to Frankfurt, seeking winters milder than those of Saint Petersburg.

Democratic party leaders saw the Republicans ' choice as an opportunity to take back the White House for the first time since 1856 if the right candidate could be found.

In 1856, he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig, where he also took up conducting.

Glan Rhondda ( Banks of the Rhondda ), as it was known when it was composed, was first performed in the vestry of the original Capel Tabor, Maesteg, ( which later became a working men's club ), in either January or February 1856, by Elizabeth John from Pontypridd, and it soon became popular in the locality.

It is said Chadwick first came across baseball in 1856 in New York as a young cricket reporter, while watching a match between New York's Eagle and Gotham clubs.

Their first child, a girl, had been born in 1856 but died the same day.

The first inter-colonial cricket match to be played at the MCG was between Victoria and New South Wales in March 1856.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.