On May 9 – 10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.

* 1860 – The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints — later renamed Community of Christ — is organized by Joseph Smith III and others at Amboy, Illinois

* 1805 – Joseph Locke, English railway and civil engineer ( d. 1860 )

* 1860 – Annie Oakley, American target shooter ( d. 1926 )

* 1860 – The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.

* 1860 – William Kennedy Dickson, France-Scottish actor, director, and inventor ( d. 1935 )

* 1860 – Alan Leo, English astrologer ( d. 1917 )

* 1860 – Henrietta Vinton Davis, American writer and public speaker ( d. 1941 )

* 1860 – Florence Harding, American publisher, 31st First Lady of the United States ( d. 1924 )

* 1860 – Jules Laforgue, French poet ( d. 1887 )

* 1860 – Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke, England cricketer ( d. 1938 )

* 1860 – Klara Hitler, Austrian mother of Adolf Hitler ( d. 1907 )

" The Transubstantiation of a Poor White ", in Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward the History of the Part Which Black People Have Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860 – 1880 ( 1935 ).

Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860 – 1869 ( 1934 ) online edition

* 1789 – Stéphanie de Beauharnais, French wife of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden ( d. 1860 )

* 1860 – On his phonautograph machine, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville makes the oldest known recording of an audible human voice.

* 1860 – Isaac Levitan, Russian painter ( d. 1900 )

* 1860 – The first Pony Express rider reaches Sacramento, California.

* 1860 – Charles XV of Sweden of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway in Trondheim.

Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 – 1860, in which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe came to the United States ; one from 1865 – 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third from 1890 – 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern, and southern Europe ( many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian ) settled in the United States.

* 1860 – Ottó Bláthy, Hungarian engineer and inventor ( d. 1939 )

* 1860 – The first successful United States Pony Express run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California begins.

* 1860 – Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Indian singer and composer ( d. 1936 )

With almost no support in the South, Lincoln swept the North and was elected president in 1860.

On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession ; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.

The first few chapters of the novel, dealing with the discovery of Erewhon, are in fact based on Butler's own experiences in New Zealand where, as a young man, he worked as a sheep farmer on Mesopotamia Station for about four years ( 1860 – 1864 ) and explored parts of the interior of the South Island of which he wrote about in his A First Year in Canterbury Settlement ( 1863 ).

Within a year of completing Adam Bede, she finished The Mill on the Floss, inscribing the manuscript: " To my beloved husband, George Henry Lewes, I give this MS. of my third book, written in the sixth year of our life together, at Holly Lodge, South Field, Wandsworth, and finished 21 March 1860.

Lincoln was elected president on November 6, 1860, and the following month Booth drafted a long speech, apparently undelivered, that decried Northern abolitionism and made clear his strong support of the South and the institution of slavery.

South Carolina adopted an ordinance of secession on December 20, 1860, and Mississippi did so on January 9, 1861.

* 1773 – Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer and soldier, 6th Governor of New South Wales ( d. 1860 )

Also in the 19th century, most countries of South America introduced a flag as they became independent ( Peru in 1820, Bolivia in 1851, Colombia in 1860, Brazil in 1822, etc.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

* 1860 – The original cornerstone of the University of the South is laid in Sewanee, Tennessee.

It became the capital of the South African Republic ( ZAR ) on 1 May 1860.

Although complete statistics are lacking, it is estimated that 1, 000, 000 slaves moved west from the Old South between 1790 and 1860.

In 1820 a child in the Upper South had a 30 % chance to be sold south by 1860.

The immediate followers of Pretorius now became extremely incensed at the action of the Lydenburg party, and a mass meeting was held at Potchefstroom ( October 1860 ), where it was resolved that: ( a ) the volksraad no longer enjoyed its confidence ; ( b ) that Pretorius should remain president of the South African Republic, and have a year's leave of absence to bring about union with the Free State ; ( c ) that Schoeman should act as president during the absence of Pretorius ; ( d ) that before the return of Pretorius to resume his duties a new volksraad should be elected.

* July 23 – Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer and Governor of New South Wales ( d. 1860 )

* Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860 – 1935 ( 1988 ) online

The climax was the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860, which led immediately to the secession of South Carolina, followed by six other cotton states.

* Ford Jr., Lacy K. Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800 – 1860 ( 1988 )

After about 1860, the Lakota Sioux claimed all the former Crow lands from the Black Hills of South Dakota to the Big Horn Mountains of Montana.

His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes ( A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States ( 1856 ), A Journey Through Texas ( 1857 ), A Journey in the Back Country in the Winter of 1853-4 ( 1860 )) which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South.

Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta, Georgia ; Charleston, South Carolina ; Columbia, South Carolina ; and Richmond, Virginia ; these eleven contained 115, 900 people in the 1860 census, or 14 % of the urban South.

The Samuel J. Tilden House at 15 Gramercy Park South, which he owned from 1860 until his death, is now used by the National Arts Club.