Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital, Richmond, Virginia, after his cross – country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality and the majority of Kentuckians into the Union camp.

* Connelly, Thomas L. Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee 1861 – 1862.

The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861 – 1865.

* Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861 – 1865.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861 – 62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.

* 1861 – First performance of Arthur Sullivan's debut success, his suite of incidental music for The Tempest, leading to a career that included the famous Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

* 1861 – Stanislas de Guaita, French occultist ( d. 1897 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: The war begins with Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

* 1796 – George N. Briggs, American politician, 19th Governor of Massachusetts ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

* 1861 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos, Nigeria.

* 1861 – Edith Roosevelt, American wife of Theodore Roosevelt, 27th First Lady of the United States ( d. 1948 )

* 1861 – Sammy Jones, Australian cricketer ( d. 1951 )

* 1811 – Elisha Otis, American inventor and businessman, founded the Otis Elevator Company ( d. 1861 )

This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

* 1861 – American Civil War: Maryland's House of Delegates votes not to secede from the Union.

* 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces.

* 1861 – Iván Persa, Hungarian-Slovene writer and catholic priest ( d. 1935 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: US Navy squadron captures forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina.

The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861 – 1901 ISBN 99918-47-99-5

* 1766 – Collin McKinney, American surveyor, merchant, politician, and preacher, helped draft the Texas Declaration of Independence ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 ( 3 % of all incomes over US $ 800 ; rescinded in 1872 ).

With the death of Prince Albert in 1861, the scheme lost its driving force.

With the aid of his advocate in Washington, DC, Elihu B. Washburne, Grant was promoted to Colonel by Governor Richard Yates on June 14, 1861, and put in charge of the unruly Twenty-first Illinois volunteer regiment.

With the Unification of Italy in 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy.

With the merging of the Army of the Shenandoah, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston took command from July 20, 1861, until May 31, 1862.

With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, classes were interrupted when the entire student body and many faculty from Ole Miss enlisted in the Confederate army.

With Thomas Cook in particular, the Alps appeared, as early as 1861, in the catalog of tourist offers and were instrumental in the establishment of a “ truly international industry ” of tourism.

With its many reductions in size, Lake County's designated county seat also changed multiple times within just a few years, residing successively in Oro City ( from 1861 ), Lourette ( from 1863 ), Dayton ( from 1866 ), and Granite ( from 1868 ).

With the advent of the Civil War in 1861, Auburn quickly emptied.

With the coming Civil War in 1861, Nicola Marschall was approached in February by Mary Clay Lockett, wife of prominent attorney Napoleon Lockett of Marion, and her daughter, Fannie Lockett Moore, daughter-in-law of Alabama Governor Andrew B. Moore of Marion, to design a flag for the new Confederacy.

With the advent of the American Civil War in 1861, Confederate agents extinguished the light at Seahorse Key and removed its supply of sperm oil.

With the fall of Fort Sumter in 1861 to the Confederate Army, President Abraham Lincoln called on volunteers to preserve the Union.

With John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859 and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the situation for this abolitionist colony appeared bleak.

With the coming of the American Civil War in 1861, the Kaw and other Indians in Kansas suddenly became an asset as the state recruited them as soldiers and scouts to stave off invasions by slave-holding tribes and Confederate supporters in Indian Territory.

With the dedication of Old Main in January 1861, the school moved to its current campus in what was then the village of North Bloomington, which was chartered as " Normal " in 1865.

With the failure of the Decembrists, Russia ’ s autocracy would continue for almost a century, although serfdom would be officially abolished in 1861.

With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Stone enlisted in the Confederate States Army that April.

With the dramatic redesign of currency in 1929 – the first major change since paper currency was first issued in 1861 – note design was not only standardized but note size was also significantly reduced.

With George Ripley, he edited the Christian Register, a Unitarian weekly, beginning in 1833 ; in 1834, in association with Sumner, he became editor of The American Jurist ( 1829 – 1843 ), a legal journal to which Sumner, Simon Greenleaf and Theron Metcalf contributed ; and from 1856 to 1861 he was an associate editor of the Boston Courier.

With no rebellion taking place, the troops were recalled in 1861, sent east to fight for the Union with the outbreak of the Civil War.

With the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, there were concerns on the Union side about the loyalty and security of the Los Angeles area.

With the start of the Civil War in 1861, the Union repurchased the building to use as a prison for captured Confederates, as well as political prisoners, Union officers convicted of insubordination, and local prostitutes.

With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the bridge became militarily important.

With the exception of a beautiful fragment, Esther ( 1861 ), Grillparzer published no more dramatic poetry after the fiasco of Weh dem, der lügt, but at his death three completed tragedies were found among his papers.

With the victory, Price's Missouri Guard began an invasion of northern Missouri that culminated in the First Battle of Lexington on September 20, 1861.