* Atlas ( 1863 – 1885 ), one of the eight South Devon Railway Dido class steam locomotives

* 1863 – A 65-man French Foreign Legion infantry patrol fought a force of nearly 2, 000 Mexican soldiers to nearly the last man in Hacienda Camarón, Mexico.

* 1863 – Géza Gárdonyi, Hungarian writer and journalist ( d. 1922 )

** Haliotis varia f. dohrniana Dunker, 1863 – synonym: Haliotis dohrniana Dunker, 1863

* 1863 – American Civil War: following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis ( which is refused upon receipt ).

* 1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg – ships led by Union Admiral David Dixon Porter move through heavy Confederate artillery fire on approach to Vicksburg, Mississippi.

* 1863 – Ernest Thayer, American poet ( d. 1940 )

* Adrian Knox ( 1863 – 1932 ), Australian judge

* 1863 – The Anglo-Satsuma War begins between the Satsuma Domain of Japan and the United Kingdom ( Traditional Japanese date: July 2, 1863 ).

* 1863 – Aleksey Krylov, Russian engineer and mathematician ( d. 1945 )

* 1863 – The Dominican Restoration War begins when Gregorio Luperón raises the Dominican flag in Santo Domingo after Spain had recolonized the country.

* 1863 – American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter.

* 1863 – Lawrence, Kansas is destroyed by Confederate guerrillas Quantrill's Raiders in the Lawrence Massacre.

Cl., 43 ( 1863 ) 491 – 528 online (= Gesammelte philologische Schriften ( Leipzig & Berlin 1911 ) 1. 117 – 155 )

* Alfonso Sanz y Martínez de Arizala ( 28 January 1880, Madrid – 1970 ), married in 1922 to María de Guadalupe de Limantour y Mariscal ( d. 1977, Marbella ), daughter of Julio de Limantour y Marquet ( 17 June 1863, Mexico City – 11 October 1909, Mexico City ) and wife Elena Mariscal y ..., paternal granddaughter of French Joseph Yves de Limantour y Rence de la Pagame ( 1812, Ploemeur – 1885, Mexico City ) and wife Adèle Marquet y Cabannes ( 1820, Bordeaux –?

* 1863 – American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins – troops under Union Army Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi.

* 1863 – Richmond Bread Riot: Food shortages incite hundreds of angry women to riot in Richmond, Virginia and demand that the Confederate government release emergency supplies.

In 1863 the move was nevertheless accomplished, and the Matica, as well as the journal Letopis, is flourishing there today.

Based on this model the following institutions were established: Czech Matica in 1831, Illyrian Matica in 1842 ( in 1874 renamed to Matica Hrvatska ); Matica Lužičkosrpska in 1847, Halych-Russian Matica in Lviv in 1848 ; Moravian Matica in 1849 ; Matica Dalmatinska in Zadar in 1861 ; Slovak Matica in 1863 ; Slovenian Matica in 1864 ; Matica Opava in 1877 ; Matica in the Teschen Princedom in 1898.

He was a co-author of the Slovak Requests of Liptovský Mikuláš ( 1848 ), Requests of the Slovak Nation ( 1848 ), Memorandum of the Slovak Nation in 1861, and was one of the founders of the Matica slovenská ( Slovak Foundation ) in 1863.

The anniversary of the 1863 establishment of Matica slovenská on August 4 is locally known as Deň Matice Slovenskej, a Remembrance Day in Slovakia.

As a result, the Matica slovenská was founded on August 4, 1863 at an assembly of some 5000 Slovak patriots in Turčiansky Svätý Martin ( today Martin ).

The Brothers Grimm ( or Die Gebrüder Grimm ), Jacob ( January 4, 1785 – September 20, 1863 ) and Wilhelm Grimm ( February 24, 1786 – December 16, 1859 ), were German academics, linguists, cultural researchers, and authors who together collected folklore.

Her book is a people ’ s history of the Free State, one that emphasizes the cultural, geographic, economic, and kinship roots of the anti-Confederate outrage that plunged the county into a bloody inner civil war between 1863 and 1865.

The more than four centuries that passed from the abandonment of Angkor around the mid-15th century to the establishment of a protectorate under the French in 1863 are considered by historians to be Cambodia's " Dark Ages ", a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbors, the Thai ( Siam ) and the Vietnamese.

When the Polish uprising of 1863 started, Slavophiles used anti-Polish sentiment to create feelings of national unity in the Russian people, and the idea of cultural union of all Slavs was abandoned.

The general outline of causes for that is considered to include the activities of the Roman-Catholic Church and the cultural influence exacted by the big cities ( Vilna, Kovno ) on these lands, the activities of the Vilna educational district in 19th century — 1820s, the activities of the local administration, still controlled by the local Polish or already Polonised nobility up to the 1863 — 1864 January Uprising, secret ( Polish ) schools in second half nineteenth to the beginning of the 20th century ( tajne komplety ) and the influence of the land estates.

The Lieber Code of 1863, the Brussels Declaration of 1874 and the Oxford Manual of 1880 provided some protection, albeit limited, for cultural property.

In 1863, M. V. Lyapunov retired from his scientific career and relocated his family to his wife's estate at Bolobonov, in the Simbirsk province ( now Ulyanovsk Oblast ).

The " Weather Book " which he published in 1863 was far in advance of the scientific opinion of the time.

The term was first used in a scientific context by Charles Lyell in the third edition ( 1851 ) of his book Elements of Geology in relation to missing parts of the geological column, but it was popularized in its present meaning by its appearance on page xi of his book Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863.

Until 1863, Cope's letters to his father continually expressed his yearning for a more professional scientific career than that of a farmer, which he called " dreadfully boring ".

In March 1863, along with three other students of Agassiz, Morse cofounded the scientific journal The American Naturalist, and he became one of its editors.

The geographical and scientific results of the expedition were highly important, as will be seen in Heuglin's Die Tinnésche Expedition im westlichen Nilgebiet ( 1863 – 1864 ( Gotha, 1865 ), and Reise in das Gebiet des Weissen Nils Leipzig, 1869 ).

Her six brothers and sisters included Edward Taylor ( 1784 – 1863 ), a singer and music professor, John Taylor ( 1779 – 1863 ), a mining engineer, Richard Taylor ( 1781 – 1858 ), a printer and editor and publisher of scientific works.

Later, in 1863, a new rift began to emerge within the scientific community over race theory.

His first book of travel, Drei Jahre im Nordwesten von Afrika ( Leipzig ), appeared in 1863, and was followed by a variety of works and essays, popular and scientific.

The second visit of a scientific nature occurred in 1863, when Thomas Molloy, the United States Consul to Newfoundland, received permission from the Government of Newfoundland to go to the Funk Island to mine remains of the Great Auk.

On a trip to Washington, with a final plea for help in East Tennessee in early 1863, he gave a speech in Indianapolis, saying: " If the institution of slavery denies the government the right of agitation, and seeks to overthrow it, then the government has a clear right to destroy it.

Kansas State University, originally named Kansas State Agricultural College, was founded on February 16, 1863, during the American Civil War, as a land-grant institution under the Morrill Act.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

* 1863 – Robert College of Istanbul-Turkey, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.

Martinique got its second enduring financial institution in 1863 when the Crédit Foncier Colonial opened its doors in Saint Pierre.

The NAS itself had been founded in 1863 as a private institution, but chartered by the US Congress, with the goal to " investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art.

The president and Congress had already enacted several laws during the war to severely restrict the institution, beginning with the First Confiscation Act in August 1861 and culminating in Lincoln's own Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, taking effect January 1, 1863.

degree from the same institution in 1863.

The losses sustained by the institution during the Union occupation were heavy, and after 1863 the seminary remained closed for the remainder of the Civil War.

The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863.

He graduated at Columbian University, ( now, George Washington University ) Washington, D. C., in 1861, and at the Medical school of that institution in 1863.

This institution has a rich history dating back to 1863 and has 10 faculties, including Engineering, Commerce, Science and Arts.

Founded in 1863, it is the first American higher education institution founded outside the United States, having strong ties to the American educational system through Robert College.

An institution of higher education named the Darülfünun-i Osmani (' House of Sciences ') was created in 1863, but suppressed in 1871.

He served as the second president of the institution that became Duke University from 1842 to 1863 and then again from 1866 to 1882.

A separate institution known as the New York Medical College for Women was founded a few years later in 1863.

Kansas State became the second coeducational public institution of higher education when it opened in 1863 ; enrollment for the first session was 52 students: 26 men and 26 women.

It was the highest ranking educational institution in Serbia between 1808 and 1905, as the first Higher School ( 1808 – 1813 ), the Belgrade Lyceum ( 1838 – 1863 ), and the second Higher School ( 1863 – 1905 ).

In March 1863, a Normal School Act passed into law, and that fall, Farmington was chosen from a list of possible locations for a normal school — the first public institution of higher education in the State of Maine.

* Lapham Institute, from from 1863 to 1876 the name of what is now the Smithville Seminary, a Freewill Baptist institution in Rhode Island

After 1863 the institution also admitted tuberculosis patients.

The institution, opened in 1863 at a cost of £ 13, 000, provided care for minors between the age of 5 and 21.