Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

President Lincoln ( center right ) with, from left, Generals Sherman, Grant and Admiral Porter – 1868 painting of events aboard the River Queen ( steamboat ) | River Queen in March, 1865

The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861 – 1865.

* Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861 – 1865.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

* 1865 – American Civil War: The Battle of Sayler's Creek – Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fights its last major battle while in retreat from Richmond, Virginia.

* 1865 – American Civil War: Mobile, Alabama, falls to the Union Army.

* 1865 – Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth.

* 1865 – Max Nettlau, German anarchist and historian ( d. 1944 )

* 1865 – Charles G. Dawes, American general and politician, 30th Vice President of the United States, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1951 )

* 1865 – Irving Babbitt, American critic and academic ( d. 1933 )

* 1865 – John Radecki, Australian artist ( d. 1955 )

* 1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks –

* 1865 – Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano ( b. 1797 )

* 1803 – Joseph Paxton, English gardener and architect, designed The Crystal Palace ( d. 1865 )

* 1865 – American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders his army to General William Tecumseh Sherman at the Bennett Place near Durham, North Carolina.

* 1865 – Union cavalry troopers corner and shoot dead John Wilkes Booth, assassin of President Lincoln, in Virginia.

* 1865 – Henry George Chauvel, Australian general ( d. 1945 )

This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

* 1865 – Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician ( d. 1952 )

* 1865 – Mikao Usui, Japanese spiritual leader ( d. 1926 )

* 1813 – James McCune Smith, African-American doctor and abolitionist ( d. 1865 )

In 1865, she finally took her exam and obtained a licence from the Society of Apothecaries to practise medicine, the first woman qualified in Britain to do so ( apart from the woman passing herself off as Dr James Barry ).

The first derivation of the Lorentz force is commonly attributed to Oliver Heaviside in 1889, although other historians suggest an earlier origin in an 1865 paper by James Clerk Maxwell.

* 1950 – James Rudolph Garfield, American politician ( b. 1865 )

* 1865 – James McCune Smith, African-American doctor and abolitionist ( b. 1813 )

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In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered a connection between electricity and magnetism, triggering decades of work that culminated in 1865, in James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.

The concept was extended to alternating current measurements by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865 and further improved by Alan Blumlein in about 1926.

* December 2 – James Henry Breasted, American Egyptologist ( b. 1865 )

Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell developed and published Maxwell's equations which explained and united all of classical electricity and magnetism.

They had seven children ( five sons and two daughters ): Eliza Arabella Garfield ( 1860 – 63 ); Harry Augustus Garfield ( 1863 – 1942 ); James Rudolph Garfield ( 1865 – 1950 ); Mary Garfield ( 1867 – 1947 ); Irvin M. Garfield ( 1870 – 1951 ); Abram Garfield ( 1872 – 1958 ); and Edward Garfield ( 1874 – 76 ).

* Original Document: James Longstreet's Signature on The Confederate Surrender at Appomattox, Virginia April 10, 1865

* James Murray ( biologist ) ( 1865 – 1914 ), Scottish-born biologist and explorer

On April 12, 1865, following the Battle of Selma, Major General James H. Wilson captured Montgomery for the Union.

Henry James was only twenty-two when he wrote The Noble School of Fiction for The Nations first issue in 1865.

In addition, James Clerk Maxwell ( 1865 ) recognized the electromagnetic nature of light and developed what are now called Maxwell's equations, but these equations were still interpreted as describing the motion of waves through an aether, whose state of motion was unknown.

James Mitchell ( 1795 – 1870 ) and his wife, the former Calpernia Franklin ( 1805 – 1865 ), came to the future Walker County under a Mexican land grant in 1833.

Accounts differ as to the county's namesake: either Thomas Harlan, or James Harlan, who was U. S. Secretary of the Interior between 1865 and 1866.

The Centre Refreshment Room 1865 – 77 was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile, the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained glass windows, the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by Alfred Stevens and was removed from Dorchester House prior to that building's demolition in 1929.

* James Clerk Maxwell, " A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field ", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155, 459-512 ( 1865 ).

In 1864 and 1865, Union raids commanded by Lovell Rousseau and James H. Wilson attacked Opelika, tearing up the railroads and destroying all government property, including Opelika's warehouses.

Unaware of Lee's surrender to Grant and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Union and Confederates clashed in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865, when a Union detachment under General James H. Wilson attacked the city and burned many of the industrial buildings.

* Jesse James – Wounded while going to surrender in Lexington, 1865.

1865, Lewis Sliter ; 1866, William M. Horton: 1867, William Moul ; 1868, John L. Lape ; 1869, Moses Coul ; 1870, James Clark ; 1871, William Moul ; 1872, Burton A. Thomas ; 1873, William M. Horton ; 1874, Jeremiah Conant, Moses Coul ; 1875, William Moni ; 1876, Burton A. Thomas ; 1877, Frank Pettit, Joel B. Peck ; 1878.