Latour notes that such social criticism has been appropriated by those he describes as conspiracy theorists, including global warming skeptics and the 9 / 11 Truth movement: “ Maybe I am taking conspiracy theories too seriously, but I am worried to detect, in those mad mixtures of knee-jerk disbelief, punctilious demands for proofs, and free use of powerful explanation from the social neverland, many of the weapons of social critique .” ( p. 230 )

In A critique of Postcolonial Reason, Spivak argues that Western philosophy has a history of not only exclusion of the Subaltern from discourse, but also does not allow them to occupy the space of a fully human subject.

This has led to the very literal use of ' critical theory ' as an umbrella term to describe any theory founded upon critique.

As a term, critical theory has two meanings with different origins and histories: the first originated in sociology and the second originated in literary criticism, whereby it is used and applied as an umbrella term that can describe a theory founded upon critique ; thus, the theorist Max Horkheimer described a theory as critical in so far as it seeks " to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.

Kant's notion of critique has been associated with the disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved the critique of dogmatic theological and metaphysical ideas and was intertwined with the enhancement of ethical autonomy and the Enlightenment critique of superstition and irrational authority.

Stidham, who was later elected to a municipal judgeship, has written a detailed critique of what he asserts are major police errors and misconceptions during their investigation.

Central planning has been criticized by socialists who advocated decentralized mechanisms of economic coordination, including Leon Trotsky and Peter Kropotkin before the Austrian school critique, and later by Janos Kornai and Alec Nove.

Paulo Freire's work appears to critique instructional approaches that adhere to the knowledge acquisition stance, and his work Pedagogy of the Oppressed has had a broad influence over a generation of American educators with his critique of various " banking " models of education and analysis of the teacher-student relationship.

In an anecdote Jarmusch has recounted of the formative experience of showing his mentor his first script, Ray disapproved of its lack of action, to which Jarmusch responded after meditating on the critique by reworking the script to be even less eventful.

Marx polemic with other thinkers often occurred through critique, and thus he has been called " the first great user of critical method in social sciences.

Within the space of these tendencies there has developed a coherent critique of " orthodox Marxism " that includes not only a rejection of the concept of " the transition " but a reconceptualization of the process of transcending capitalism that has remarkable similarities to ( Peter ) Kropotkin's thinking on this subject ... Thus one of the earliest political tendencies within which this approach appeared after the Russian revolution of 1917 was that of " Council Communism " which saw the " workers councils " in Germany ( see Bavarian Soviet Republic ), or the soviets in Russia, as new organizational forms constructed by the people.

Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism's role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination.

Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory has been built upon ' microfoundations '— i. e. based upon basic assumptions about micro-level behavior.

" The critique that mercantilism was a form of rent-seeking has also seen criticism, as scholars such Jacob Viner in the 1930s point out that merchant mercantilists such as Mun understood that they would not gain by higher prices for English wares abroad.

Another critique of the game system has been the large effect of character age on skills, usually considered the most important character attributes.

This includes a strong critique of voting by academic Andile Mngxitama who has said that if Biko were alive today, he would not be supporting any political party, would not even vote, but would be marching with the social movements against government.

The arguments against speciesism – known as the anti-speciesism critique – are based on the view that species membership has no moral significance.

It has been suggested that the concept of state capitalism can be traced back to Mikhail Bakunin's critique during the First International of the potential for state exploitation under Marxism, or to Jan Waclav Machajski's argument in The Intellectual Worker ( 1905 ) that socialism was a movement of the intelligentsia as a class, resulting in a new type of society he termed state capitalism.

It has been used as a Carnivalesque critique of society ,< ref > Martin, Paul & Renegar, Valeria 2007, '" The Man for His Time " The Big Lebowski as Carnivalesque Social Critique ', Communication Studies, Vol.

Another approach to critique taken in the classroom has been to propose the insignificance of female characters in the story as sexist.

They begin with a critique of the past ” such that they review the ways women have been oppressed ; “ they seek alternative biblical and extrabiblical traditions that support ” the ideals Feminists are trying to advance ; and finally “ feminists set forth their own unique method of theology, which includes the revisioning of Christian categories .” Grenz and Olson also mention, however, while all feminists agree there is a flaw in the system, there is disagreement over how far outside of the Bible and the Christian tradition women are willing to go to seek support for their ideals.

Additionally, Amos and her music have been the subject of numerous official and unofficial books, as well as academic critique, including Tori Amos: Lyrics ( 2001 ) and an earlier biography, Tori Amos: All These Years ( 1996 ).

It has been described by proponents as " an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor ", and by detractors as Christianized Marxism.

Reason is often said to be reflexive, or " self-correcting ," and the critique of reason has been a persistent theme in philosophy.

In the last several decades, a number of proposals have been made to " re-orient " this critique of reason, or to recognize the " other voices " or " new departments " of reason:

Scholarly journals that have been key to the development ( and critique ) of this field include:

Only rarely is mise-en-scène critique used in other art forms, but it has been used effectively to analyse photography.

Foucault's Nietzschean critique of Enlightenment values in Les mots et les choses has been very influential in cultural studies and social work scholarship.

It has been described by proponents as " an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor ", and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.

A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism or biology as ideology ( something that has been termed " biologism ").

A 1921 article by S. Morgulis in the journal Science, came as a critique of Pavlov's work in that it addressed concerns about the environment in which these experiments had been performed.

: The other promise of anthropology, one less fully distinguished and attended to than the first, has been to serve as a form of cultural critique for ourselves.

It is a neologism coined in the late 1960s as part of a feminist critique of conventional historiography, and refers to history ( reinterpreted as " his story ") written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women, or told from a woman's point of view.

Dewey's most significant writings were " The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology " ( 1896 ), a critique of a standard psychological concept and the basis of all his further work ; Democracy and Education ( 1916 ), his celebrated work on progressive education ; Human Nature and Conduct ( 1922 ), a study of the function of habit in human behavior ; The Public and its Problems ( 1927 ), a defense of democracy written in response to Walter Lippmann's The Phantom Public ( 1925 ); Experience and Nature ( 1925 ), Dewey's most " metaphysical " statement ; Art as Experience ( 1934 ), Dewey's major work on aesthetics ; A Common Faith ( 1934 ), a humanistic study of religion originally delivered as the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship at Yale ; Logic: The Theory of Inquiry ( 1938 ), a statement of Dewey's unusual conception of logic ; Freedom and Culture ( 1939 ), a political work examining the roots of fascism ; and Knowing and the Known ( 1949 ), a book written in conjunction with Arthur F. Bentley that systematically outlines the concept of trans-action, which is central to his other works.

This evolved into a systematic critique of monarchy, written by men such as Johan Uytenhage de Mist, Radboud Herman Scheel, Lieven de Beaufort and the brothers Johan and Peter de la Court.

They then invited the situationists to contribute a critique of the University of Strasbourg, and On the Poverty of Student Life, written by Tunisian situationist Mustapha / Omar Khayati was the result.

The third book was The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History, a critique written in the mid-1970s of what Trevor-Roper regarded as the myths of Scottish nationalism.

Eliade's views at the time focused on innovation — in the summer of 1933, he replied to an anti-modernist critique written by George Călinescu:

Following this he attended the Open University in his mid-twenties to study a Foundation Course and then later attended the University of Stirling, gaining a BA in history and a Ph. D. in economic history, with a thesis on the slave trade written as a critique of the Marxist model of historical change, entitled Warrior Aristocrats In Crisis: the political effects of the transition from the slave trade to palm oil commerce in the nineteenth century Kingdom of Dahomey.

He has written in critique of Unger's early work as being unable to chart a route for the idea to pass into reality, which leaves history closed and the individual holding onto the concept while kicking against air.

Histriomastix: The Player's Scourge, or Actor's Tragedy is a critique of professional theatre and actors, written by the Puritan author and controversialist William Prynne.

The chief of them are his Characters of Charles James Fox ( 1809 ) and his edited reprint of Tracts of Warburton and a Warburtonian, which caused controversy ; in his critique of Warburton, he focused on the worst written by Warburton and Hurd, which probably did not deserve to be reprinted, even if they were deliberately being suppressed by their authors.

The reputation achieved by this critique stirred the envy of Bayle's Calvinist colleague of both Sedan and Rotterdam, Pierre Jurieu, who had written a book on the same subject.

As an author, Lanier has written a column for Discover magazine ; his book, You Are Not a Gadget ( 2010 ), is a critique of Web 2. 0.

Marx's philosophy is thus inextricably linked to his critique of political economy and to his historical interventions in the workers ' movement, such as the 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program or The Communist Manifesto, written with Engels ( who was observing the Chartist movement ) a year before the Revolutions of 1848.

Of the books he has written, most famous are a " learned critique " of the Salman Rushdie novel Satanic Verses, a book in support of Ferdowsi ( and against attacks by Ahmad Shamlou ), and a book on Zaynab bint Ali's role in and after Aashurah.

While in Russia in 1928, Cannon read a critique of the direction of the Communist International written by Trotsky which the Comintern had mistakenly circulated.

This analysis then offers by way of the critique method either a rebuttal or a suggestion of further expansion upon the problems presented by the topic of that specific written or oral argumentation.

The other twenty seven pieces include English, French and Russian translations of Anna Blume, Le Grande Ardeur de Dada ( Marche Funèbre ), a brief critique of dada written in French (' Let me explain-dada is the great root of all the little roots ...'), and a series of newer poems that would point the way toward Schwitter's later poetic style, using a dramatically reduced vocabulary with heavy repetition.

* see also: Das Reich: The March of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Through France, written by Max Hastings ; and a critique

" It should be noted, however, that Tallis is not a credible psychoanalyst and most of his critique of Lacan is based off of a gossip book written by Elisabeth Roudinesco entitled " Lacan & Co ." Lacan's mirror stage is based on his belief that infants recognize themselves in a mirror ( literal ) or other symbolic contraption which induces apperception ( the turning of oneself into an object that can be viewed by the child from outside of himself ) from the age of about six months.

Rerum Novarum ( On the New Things ), for example, an encyclical written in 1891 by Pope Leo XIII made a critique on social ills and then discussed and promoted “ the Catholic doctrine on work, the right to property, the principle of collaboration instead of class struggle as the fundamental means for social change, the rights of the weak, the dignity of the poor and the obligations of the rich, the perfecting of justice through charity, on the right to form professional associations ” ( pa. 144 ).

It was stated that " the sexual suggestiveness of the genre " was the reason for it being banned, but it is believed that the real reason was because the difference in style from prior Chinese folk opera styles allowed social critique of China to be written into them.

In the domain of epistemology, Lovejoy is remembered for an influential critique of the pragmatic movement, especially in the essay " The Thirteen Pragmatisms ", written in 1908.

However, the question of when the Pentateuch was finally written does not affect any element of Cassuto's radical critique of the dominant theories about its actual make-up, which was his chief concern, and so he treats the historical question only at the end and as a secondary issue in The Documentary Hypothesis.