* Annealing ( metallurgy )

# REDIRECT Annealing ( metallurgy )

# REDIRECT Annealing ( metallurgy )

* Annealing ( glass ), heating a piece of glass to remove stress

Annealing is a process that requires large amounts of energy, as a material is kept very hot for an extended period of time.

Annealing of graphite moderator at a military air-cooled reactor caused the graphite and the metallic uranium fuel to catch fire, releasing radioactive pile material as dust into the environment.

Annealing of vacancies changes diamond color from green to yellow-brown.

In particular, for the solution of the distance geometry problems, it makes use of heuristic methods ( such as Simulated Annealing ) and local search methods ( such as Conjugate Gradient Minimization ).

Annealing succeeded in preventing the buildup of Wigner energy, but the monitoring equipment, the reactor itself and all of its ancillaries such as the cooling system were never designed for this.

Annealing such a metastable film above its glass transition temperature increases the mobility of the polymer-chain molecules and dewetting takes place.

Annealing is stopped when the workpiece is near its final desired shape, and so the final product will have a desired stiffness and hardness.

This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns ( the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea ), more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible.

Hungary's main industries are mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals ( especially pharmaceuticals ), and motor vehicles.

The main sectors of Hungarian industry are heavy industry ( mining, metallurgy, machine and steel production ), energy production, mechanical engineering, chemicals, food industry and automobile production.

The leading industry is machinery, followed by chemical industry ( plastic production, pharmaceuticals ), while mining, metallurgy and textile industry seemed to be losing importance in the past two decades.

Before the 1960s ( and in some cases decades after ), many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, from a 19th and early 20th century emphasis on metals.

Other signs of human metallurgy are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela ( Portugal ), Cortes de Navarra ( Spain ), and Stonehenge ( United Kingdom ).

In specific disciplines, Stanford was ranked in English ( in the United States ), in modern languages ( 7 ), in history ( 8 ), in philosophy ( 4 ), in geography & area studies ( 4 ), in linguistics ( 3 ), in computer science ( 2 ), in civil & structural engineering ( 2 ), in chemical engineering ( 3 ), in electrical engineering ( 2 ), in mechanical, aeronautical, & manufacturing engineering, in medicine ( 3 ), in biological sciences ( 3 ), in chemistry ( 4 ), in physics and astronomy ( 4 ), in metallurgy ( 4 ), in mathematics ( 3 ), in environmental sciences ( 4 ), in earth and marine sciences ( 6 ), in psychology ( 2 ), in sociology ( 4 ), in statistics, in politics and international studies ( 4 ), in law ( 3 ), in economics ( 3 ), and in account and finance.

In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat.

* Tempering, in metallurgy, a heat treatment technique for metals and alloys ; also a method for producing tempered glass

A substantial technological advance occurred in the 1890 – 1910 period, when Frederick Winslow Taylor applied scientific methods to the study of tool bits and their cutting performance ( including their geometry, metallurgy, and heat treatment, and the resulting speeds and feeds, depths of cut, metal-removal rates, and tool life ).

* Hardening ( metallurgy ), the strengthening of metal alloys by heat treatment

* Powder blending and consolidation ( powder metallurgy ): Powdered metal and discontinuous reinforcement are mixed and then bonded through a process of compaction, degassing, and thermo-mechanical treatment ( possibly via hot isostatic pressing ( HIP ) or extrusion ).

In addition to phosphate fertilisers for agriculture, phosphorus from rock phosphate is also used in animal feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion agents, cosmetics, fungicides, ceramics, water treatment and metallurgy.

The word chemistry comes from the word alchemy, an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism and medicine ; it is commonly thought of as the quest to turn lead or another common starting material into gold.

Mineral processing ( or mineral dressing ) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation ( extractive metallurgy ) of valuable metals or minerals from their gangue ( waste material ).

Nonferrous metallurgy, engineering, metalworking, and the building material, forest, woodworking, light, and food industries are the most highly developed industrial sectors.

The field of extractive metallurgy encompasses many specialty sub-disciplines, each concerned with various physical and chemical processes that are steps in an overall process of producing a particular material.

Chief occupations are farming, ferrous metallurgy ( iron works ), chemicals, leather ( footwear ), textiles and food processing plants ( dairy products, alcoholic beverages ), building material, crude oil refinery, and thermal power.

The name and inspiration come from annealing in metallurgy, a technique involving heating and controlled cooling of a material to increase the size of its crystals and reduce their defects.

It is a hard, brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, though it is more important in metallurgy.

This migratory process brought Celtic material culture, especially advanced in metallurgy, to the Illyrian and Dacian tribes.

Powder metallurgy is the process of blending fine powdered materials, pressing them into a desired shape or form ( compacting ), and then heating the compressed material in a controlled atmosphere to bond the material ( sintering ).

In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing ; Material toughness is defined as the amount of energy per volume that a material can absorb before rupturing.

Māori had long known of the existence of gold in Central Otago, but having no knowledge of metallurgy had no use for the ore. For a precious material they relied on greenstone for weaponry and tools, and used greenstone, obsidian and bone carving for jewellery.

* For the use of iron as a material, see History of ferrous metallurgy.

The former may be used as a fuel for gas boilers and diesel-generators or as syngas for producing gasoline, etc., the latter-as a technological fuel in metallurgy, as a chemical absorbent or as raw material for household fuel briquettes.

All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy and material science etc.

Noticeable changes from previous Mauser rifle models included better ruptured case gas venting, better receiver metallurgy, and larger receiver ring dimensions for handling the pressures of the 8x57 cartridge.

A sampling includes: medicine ( humoral immunity, sleep monitoring, radiation dosimetry ), physiology ( spatial orientation / performance changes during long duration flight ), epidemiology ( microbial surface sampling ), metallurgy ( determination of metal diffusion coefficients ), oceanography / geology / limnology / physical science ( photographic survey ( over 10, 000 photos ) of the planet ), space science ( flame propagation ), microgravity science ( behavior of fluids, critical angle determination ).

Crosscut saws have been in use around the world since historic times, with the design of the saws ( the cutting surfaces, the bow and shape of the saw, and the handles ) changing over time to accommodate differences in the types of trees being cut, changes in metallurgy technology, and the application of experience.

The 18th century also brought enormous social changes to France ; an enormous growth in population ; and, even more important, the growth of the wealthy class, thanks to new technologies ( the steam engine, metallurgy ), and trade with France's colonies in the New World and India.