# REDIRECT Arthur Koestler

Arthur Koestler mentioned Orwell's " uncompromising intellectual honesty made him appear almost inhuman at times.

* Janus: A Summing Up, a book by Arthur Koestler

* Arthur Koestler

For some prominent communists such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism and even turned the first three into fervent anti-Communists eventually.

In the early 1960s the use of LSD and other hallucinogens was advocated by proponents of the new " consciousness expansion ", such as Timothy Leary, Alan Watts, Aldous Huxley and Arthur Koestler, their writings profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth.

* 1905 – Arthur Koestler, Hungarian-English author and journalist ( d. 1983 )

* Koestler, Arthur ( 1976 ).

" Along that same thought, Arthur Koestler stated, " it is the synergistic effects produced by wholes that are the very cause of the evolution of complexity in nature " and used the metaphor of Janus ( a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open / shut, peace / war ) to illustrate how the two perspectives ( strong or holistic vs. weak or reductionistic ) should be treated as perspectives, not exclusives, and should work together to address the issues of emergence.

For some prominent former communists, such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism and turned the first three into fervent anti-communists.

Some of the University's better-known students include: Christian Doppler, Kurt Adler, Franz Alt, Bruno Bettelheim, Rudolf Bing, Lucian Blaga, Josef Breuer, F. F. Bruce, Elias Canetti, Ivan Cankar, Otto Maria Carpeaux, Felix Ehrenhaft, Mihai Eminescu, Paul Feyerabend, Heinz Fischer, O. W. Fischer, Ivan Franko, Sigmund Freud, Alcide De Gasperi, Ernst Gombrich, Kurt Gödel, Erich Göstl, Franz Grillparzer, Jörg Haider, Edmund Husserl, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Marie Jahoda, Elfriede Jelinek, Percy Lavon Julian, Karl Kautsky, Elisabeth Kehrer, Hans Kelsen, Rudolf Kirchschläger, Arthur Koestler, Jernej Kopitar, Karl Kordesch, Karl Kraus, Bruno Kreisky, Richard Kuhn, Paul Lazarsfeld, Gustav Mahler, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Lise Meitner, Gregor Mendel, Franz Mesmer, Franc Miklošič, Alois Mock, Matija Murko, Pope Pius III, Maxim Podoprigora, Hans Popper, Karl Popper, Otto Preminger, Wilhelm Reich, Peter Safar, Mordkhe Schaechter, Arthur Schnitzler, Albin Schram, Wolfgang Schüssel, Joseph Schumpeter, Theodor Herzl, John J. Shea, Jr., Adalbert Stifter, Yemima Tchernovitz-Avidar, Kurt Waldheim, Otto Weininger, Stefan Zweig, and Huldrych Zwingli.

With Arthur Koestler and John Collins, Gollancz set up the National Campaign for the Prevention of Legal Cruelty in 1955.

According to The God that Failed by Arthur Koestler, a former member of the Communist Party of Germany, the largest communist party in Western Europe in the Interwar period, communists, aligned with the Soviet Union, continued to consider the " social fascist " Social Democratic Party of Germany to be the real enemy in Germany, even after the Nazi Party had gotten into power.

Flannery O ' Connor with Arthur Koestler ( left ) and Robie Macauley at the University of Iowa in 1947.

Whereas people like Arthur Koestler left the Party after seeing the friendly reception of Nazi foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in Moscow during the years of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ( 1939-1941 ), Hobsbawm stood firm even after the Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia, though he was against them both.

For some prominent communists such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism, and even turned the first three into fervent anti-Communists eventually.

In June 1950, Trevor-Roper attended a conference in Berlin of anti-Communist intellectuals such as Sidney Hook, Melvin J. Lasky, Ignazio Silone, Arthur Koestler, Raymond Aron and Franz Borkenau that resulted in the founding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and its magazine Encounter.

In The Act of Creation, Arthur Koestler introduced the concept of bisociation — that creativity arises as a result of the intersection of two quite different frames of reference.

In addition to Jung, Arthur Koestler wrote extensively on synchronicity in The Roots of Coincidence.

Arthur Koestler has written of Beccaria that " there was perhaps no single humanist since Erasmus of Rotterdam who, without being attached to a definite political or religious movement, had such a deep effect on European thought.

* Koestler, Arthur, Reflections on Hanging, Victor Gollancz, 1956.

* Koestler, Arthur, The Yogi and the Commissar, Jonathan Cape, 1964.

In The Case of the Midwife Toad Arthur Koestler surmised that the tampering had been done by a Nazi sympathiser to discredit Kammerer for his political views, and that his research might actually have been valid.

Later supporters of Neo-Lamarckism were George Bernard Shaw and Arthur Koestler who both claimed Lamarckism is more humane, and optimistic than Darwinism.

* AM, a complexity class related to Arthur – Merlin protocol

* 1861 – First performance of Arthur Sullivan's debut success, his suite of incidental music for The Tempest, leading to a career that included the famous Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

* 1891 – Arthur Bliss, English composer and conductor ( d. 1975 )

* 1915 – Frank Arthur Calder, Canadian politician ( d. 2006 )

* 2006 – Arthur Lee, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer ( Love ) ( b. 1945 )

* 1908 – Arthur Goldberg, American politician and jurist, 6th United States Ambassador to the United Nations ( d. 1990 )

* 1888 – An audio recording of English composer Arthur Sullivan's " The Lost Chord ", one of the first recordings of music ever made, is played during a press conference introducing Thomas Edison's phonograph in London, England.

* 1858 – Arthur Achleitner, German writer ( d. 1927 )

* 1889 – Arthur Waley, English orientalist and sinologist ( d. 1966 )

* 1926 – Arthur Rock, American investor

* 1808 – Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.

* 1950 – Arthur Bremer, American attempted murderer

* 1898 – Arthur Wood, English cricketer ( d. 1973 )

Arthur Aikin FGS ( 19 May 1773 – 15 April 1854 ) was an English chemist, mineralogist and scientific writer.

* 1907 – Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the St. Petersburg Convention, which results in the Triple Entente alliance.

* 1716 – Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, British admiral

* 1905 – Arthur Lake, American actor ( d. 1987 )

Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss was overall commandant of the Auschwitz complex from May 1940 – November 1943 ; Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel from November 1943 – May 1944 ; and Sturmbannführer Richard Baer from May 1944 – January 1945.

The Atlanta Falcons began the Arthur Blank era of ownership with a 9 – 6 – 1 record and a berth in the playoffs as

* Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ( 1769 – 1852 ), Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman

* Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington ( 1807 – 1884 ), British soldier and nobleman

* Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington ( 1849 – 1934 ), British soldier