In the absence of a statutory right to same-sex marriage, the plaintiffs argued that the Vermont Constitution's Common Benefits Clause ( Chapter I, Article 7 ), which guarantees all citizens equal benefit and protection of the law, guarantees same-sex couples ' right to the substantial benefits and protections of marriage.

The further development of the 1552 rite is described in the Article on The Book of Common Prayer and some rites such as the 1637 Scottish rite and the 1789 one in the United States of America went back to the 1549 model.

The tribunal has jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, which are defined as violations of Common Article Three and Additional Protocol II of the Geneva Conventions ( dealing with war crimes committed during internal conflicts ).

In addition the US Supreme Court invalidated this premise, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the War on Terror, and that the Military Tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of US and international law.

Most notably it said that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention, regarding the treatment of detainees, applies to all prisoners in the War on Terror.

( Common Article 2: " High Contracting Parties shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to Power which is not a contracting party, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof " ( emphasis added ).

* Article from Common Sense Americanism on decision

* 1798 Remarks on the Uses of the Definitive Article in the Greek Text of the New Testament, Containing Many New Proofs of the Divinity of Christ, from Passages Which Are Wrongly Translated in the Common English Version, which contains the grammatical principle still known as " Sharp's Rule "

Since 1927, Article 20 of the Common Part of the penal code that listed possible " measures of social defence " had the following item 20a: " declaration to be an enemy of the workers with deprivation of the union republic citizenship and hence of the USSR citizenship, with obligatory expulsion from its territory ".

Lt. Gen. Michael D. Maples, the director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, concurred by stating, in a hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee, that he believes waterboarding violates Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions.

On September 12, 2006, Taft co-signed ( along with 28 other retired military or defense department officials ) a letter to the chairman and ranking member of the Senate Armed Services committee in which he stated his belief that the Bush Administration's attempt to redefine Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention " poses a grave threat " to U. S. service members.

On 7 July 2006 a memo was issued from The Pentagon directing that all military detainees are entitled to humane treatment and to certain basic legal standards, as required by Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions.

He also expressed a concern that undefined language in Common Article III of GPW, such as " outrages upon personal dignity " and " inhuman treatment " could make officials and military leaders subject to the War Crimes Act of 1996 if actions were deemed to constitute violations of the Act.

Ten years later, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions applied to the War on Terrorism, with the unstated implication that any interrogation techniques that violated Common Article 3 constituted War Crimes.

The adoption of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, defined in Section 6 of the act grave abuses of Common Article 3 to only include torture, cruel or inhumane treatment, murder, mutilation or maiming, intentionally causing serious bodily harm, rape, sexual assault or abuse, and the taking of hostages, thereby limiting the scope of the original law.

In addition the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated this premise, in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, by ruling that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in the War on Terror, and that the Military Tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of US and international law.

He is also charged under the indictment of 13 September 1999 with murder, extermination, rape ( crimes against humanity ) and two counts of serious violations of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions.

Common Article 3 applies to armed conflicts that are not of an international character, but that are contained within the boundaries of a single country.

" The lawsuit was dropped in July, 2008 after the US Army Field Manual FM 3-24 adopted Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention governing U. S. detention operations.

Prohibitions against these acts are found in Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Articles 4, 13, and 16 of Additional Protocol II.

" Specifically, the ruling says that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions was violated.

However, by that time there was little public support for changing the constitution, with a survey showing 34. 5 % of Japanese not wanting any changes, 44. 5 % wanting no changes to Article 9, and 54. 6 % supporting the current interpretation on self-defense.

" ( Article 99 ) Other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter.

* Article in The Independent about the death of final Gongman Ken Richmond and a little about the role

Additionally, the role of what was originally a court-martial's non-voting " law member " developed into the present office of military judge whose capacity is little different from that of an Article III judge in a U. S. district court.

* Mathias Sandorf Article and little known facts.

It is doubtful that an Article V convention would exceed its scope, in light of the United States ' experience with state constitutional conventions ; over 600 state constitutional conventions have been held to amend state constitutions, with little evidence that any of them have exceeded their scope.

Article XXI teaches: " General Councils ... when they be gathered together, forasmuch as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and word of God, they may err and sometime have erred, even in things pertaining to God.

Those limits are expressed in Article XXI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, ratified in 1571 ( significantly, just as the Council of Trent was drawing to a close ), which held that " General Councils ... may err, and sometimes have erred ... wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture.

The constitution of the state of Arkansas was amended in the general election of 2008 to, among other things, repeal a provision ( Article 3, Section 5 ) which had until its repeal prohibited " idiots or insane persons " from voting.

Traditional Anglicans believe that " Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation ," ( Article VI ), but also that the Catholic Creeds " ought thoroughly to be received and believed " ( Article VIII ), and that the Church " hath authority in Controversies of Faith " and is " a witness and keeper of Holy Writ " ( Article XX ).

Under the Knight decision, any action against manufacturing monopolies would need to be taken by individual states, making such regulation extremely difficult with regards to out-of-state monopolies because states are prohibited from discriminating against out-of-state goods by, among other things, the Dormant Commerce Clause and Article I section 10 of the U. S. Constitution.

Among other things, the court cited Article 140 of the German constitution ( Grundgesetz ) ( which in turn invokes Article 139 of the 1919 Weimar Constitution ) protecting Sundays and public holidays as days of rest and recuperation.

* The Constitution of Portugal ( Part 4, Section 1, Article 288 ) contains a long list ( 15 items ) of things which amendments " must respect ".

The group released the St Petersburg Declaration, which urges world governments to, among other things, reject Sharia law, fatwa courts, clerical rule, and state-sanctioned religion in all their forms ; and to oppose all penalties for blasphemy and apostasy, which they believe to be in violation of Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

" The Malaysian definition has of course been modified to suit local circumstance and in particular, it includes acts or things done " to question any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III of the Federal Constitution or Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Federal Constitution.

Article 54 of the Code Michau described their functions as " to learn about all crimes, misdemeanors and financial misdealings committed by our officials and of other things concerning our service and the tranquility of our people " (" informer de tous crimes, abus et malversations commises par nos officiers et autres choses concernant notre service et le soulagement de notre peuple ").

Article 40 of the draft stated: " In the political organization of the Spanish nation, all things individual are the pure domain of the individual ; all things municipal are that of the municipality ; all things regional are that of the state ; and all things national, of the Federation.

According to Thomas Aquinas ( Summa Theologica, Part I, Question 21, Article 2 ), there are two kinds of " truth " ( veritas ), both understood as correspondence between mind ( intellectus ) or words ( oratio ) and world (" things ", res ):

Pursuant to the Article 52 ( 1 ) in conjunction with Article 56, first sentence, EPC, European patents shall be granted for inventions which, among other things, involve an inventive step, that is, the invention, having regard to the state of the art, must not be obvious to a person skilled in the art.

For rules that discriminate, a defence will be possible under Article 36 which mentions, among other things, public health or public morality.

It amended Article 96 of the Constitution ; it also amended the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution by inserting a new paragraph 19, which amongst other things provided that all proclamations, proclamation orders, Chief Martial Law Administrator's Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, Martial Law Instructions, ordinances and other laws made from 24 March 1982 to 11 November 1986 ( inclusive ) had been validly made, and could not be called into question before any court or tribunal or other authority.

Amongst other things, it amended Article 65 of the Constitution, providing for the reservation of thirty seats in the Jatiya Sangsad exclusively for women members.