Assibilation can also occur outside of palatalization.

The new Arboretum of Indo-European ' Trees '; Can new algorithms reveal the Phylogeny and even Prehistory of IE ?.

Some Indo-European characteristics seem to have disappeared in Hittite, and other IE language branches had developed different innovations.

Most Indo-Europeanists accept at least some version of laryngeal theory because their existence simplifies some otherwise hard-to-explain sound changes and patterns of alternation that appear in the Indo-European languages, and solves some minor mysteries, such as why verb roots containing only a consonant and a vowel have only long vowels e. g. * dō-" give "; re-reconstructing * deh < sub > 3 </ sub >- instead not only accounts for the patterns of alternation more economically than before, but brings the segmental structure of these roots into line with the basic IE pattern, consonant-vowel-consonant.

The recent discovery of the Indo-European ( IE ) language group had started to lead to much speculation about the relationship between Greco-Roman cultures and those of more ancient peoples.

While there is unanimous agreement among scholars that Dacian was an Indo-European language, there are divergent opinions about its place within the IE family: ( 1 ) Dacian was a dialect of the extinct Thracian language, or vice versa e. g. Baldi ( 1983 ) and Trask ( 2000 ).

Georgiev argued in one article that Phrygian originally belonged to the same IE branch as Greek and Ancient Macedonian ( which did not include Thracian or Dacian ), but later adopted the view that Phrygian constituted a separate branch of Indo-European, ( also unrelated to Thracian or Dacian ).

Phonologically Dacian is a conservative Indo-European ( IE ) language.

The close relationship of the Baltic and Slavic languages is indicated by a series of exclusive isoglosses representing innovations not shared with any other branch of the Indo-European ( IE ) language family ( especially in their phonology ) and by the fact that the relative chronology of these innovations can be established, which is the most important criterion for establishing genetic relationship in historical linguistics.

The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture notes that " the Armenians according to Diakonoff, are then an amalgam of the Hurrian ( and Urartians ), Luvians and the Proto-Armenian Mushki ( or Armeno-Phrygians ) who carried their IE language eastwards across Anatolia.

Recent subgrouping calculations of Indo-European branches using a method that accounts for the distribution of PIE verbs ( SLR-D ) reject an early separation of Anatolian languages altogether and yield results that place a genealogical split of Anatolian ( and Tocharian ) within a more recent grouping together with Greek, Albanian and Armenian, in a single branch together with Indo-Iranian, though at distance from the genealogical splits of Balto-Slavic, Italo-Celtic and Germanic that are harboured within another branch, thus supporting proponents of an IE expansion that roughly parallels the adoption of the bronze metallurgy.

The system described here is known as the " Cowgill-Rix " system and, strictly speaking, applies only to what Don Ringe terms " Western Indo-European " ( Western IE ), i. e. IE excluding Tocharian and especially Anatolian.

If the conclusions suggested under Sabini may be accepted as sound we should expect to find the Volsci speaking a language similar to that of the Ligures, whose fondness for the suffix-sco-has been noticed, and identical with that spoken by the plebeians of Rome, and that this branch of Indo-European was among those that preserved the original Indo-European Velars from the labialization that befell them in the speech of the Samnites, The language of the inscription of Velitrae offers at first sight a difficulty from this point of view, in the conversion it shows of q to p, but the ethnicon of Velitrae is Veliternus, and the people are called on the inscription itself Velestrom ( genitive plural ); so nothing prevents assuming there was a settlement of Sabines among the Volscian hills, with their language, to some extent, ( e. g., in the diphthongs and palatals ) corrupted by the speech around them, just as was the case with the Sabine language of the Iguvini, whose very name became Iguvinates, the suffix-ti-being much more frequent among the-co-tribes than among the Sabines.

Earlier Indo-European phylogenies featured an initial split into Centum and Satem languages, a distinction formally based on the word for the number one hundred in each group's supposed proto-language.

The Thracian language exhibits satemization: it either belonged to the Satem group of Indo-European languages or it was strongly influenced by Satem languages.

While some consider the Phrygians part of a wider " Thraco-Phrygian " group, other linguists dismiss this hypothesis since Thracian ( and hence Daco-Thracian ) seem to belong to the Satem group of Indo-European languages, while Phrygian shared several similarities with other Indo-European languages of the Centum group ( Latin, the Anatolian languages ).

It was soon found that they belonged to the Indo-European family of languages and had not undergone the Satem sound change.

It has been suggested that Proto-Germanic arose as a hybrid of two Indo-European dialects, one each of Centum and Satem types, although they would have been mutually intelligible at the time of hybridisation.

In his textbooks he selected Indo-European examples that supported the key Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change, and emphasized a sequence of steps essential to success in comparative work: ( a ) appropriate data in the form of texts which must be studied intensively and analysed ; ( b ) application of the comparative method ; ( c ) reconstruction of proto-forms.

In Georges Dumézil's view, Jovian theology ( and that of the equivalent gods in other Indo-European religions ) is an evolution from a naturalistic, supreme, celestial god identified with heaven to a sovereign god, a wielder of lightning bolts, master and protector of the community ( in other words, of a change from a naturalistic approach to the world of the divine to a socio-political approach ).

A similar historical sound change also occurred in Veinakh and Lezgic in the Caucasus, and has been postulated by the glottalic theory for Indo-European.

The change of o to a is exceedingly interesting, being associated with the northern branches of Indo-European such as Germanic, Albanian and Lithuanian, and not appearing in any other southern dialect hitherto known.

Heterodoxily, Dutch publications mention mixed burials and propose a quick and smooth internal change to Corded Ware within two generations occurring about 2900 BC in Dutch and Danish TRB territory, probably precluded by economic, cultural and religious changes in East Germany, and call the migrationist view of steppe intrusions introducing Indo-European languages obsolete ( at least in this part of the world ).

Some examples of affective forms are: diminutives ( for example, diminutive affixes in Indo-European and Amerindian languages indicate sympathy, endearment, emotional closeness, or antipathy, condescension, and emotional distance ); ideophones and onomatopoeias ; expletives, exclamations, interjections, curses, insults, and imprecations ( said to be " dramatizations of actions or states "); intonation change ( common in tone languages such as Japanese ); address terms, kinship terms, and pronouns which often display clear affective dimensions ( ranging from the complex address-form systems found languages such a Javanese to inversions of vocative kin terms found in Rural Italy ); lexical processes such as synecdoche and metonymy involved in affect meaning manipulation ; certain categories of meaning like evidentiality ; reduplication, quantifiers, and comparative structures ; as well as inflectional morphology.

Grimm's law was a profound sound change that affected all of the stops inherited from Indo-European.

* c. 1300 BC, the Indo-European cultures of Central Europe ( among them Celts, Italics and certainly Illyrians ) change the cultural phase conforming to the expansionist Urnfield culture, starting a quick expansion that brings them to occupy most of the Balkans, Asia Minor, where they destroy the Hittite Empire ( conquering the secret of iron smelting ), NE Italy, parts of France, Belgium, the Nederlands, NE Spain and SW England.

The change affecting dental consonants is generally assumed to have been a separate phenomenon, and was already a part of Proto-Indo-European phonetics, since other Indo-European languages show similar results.

( 2003 ): " Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin.

" In Studies in memory of Warren Cowgill ( 1929 – 1985 ): Papers from the Fourth East Coast Indo-European Conference, Cornell University, June 6 – 9, 1985, ed.

The result is a set of Indo-European tribal names ( if not the endonym of the Indo-Europeans ): Germanic Suebi and Semnones, Suiones ; Celtic Senones ; Slavic Serbs and Sorbs ; Italic Sabelli, Sabini, etc., as well as a large number of kinship terms.

based on M. L. West, “ Indo-European Metre ,” Glotta 51 ( 1973 ): 161 – 187

based on M. L. West, “ Indo-European Metre ,” Glotta 51 ( 1973 ): 161 – 187

“ Did Indo-European Languages Spread Before Farming ?” Current Anthropology 40 ( 1 ): 73 – 77.

The Norse form of the name was Vingr m. This word could be related to the word swing ( for the missing s see Indo-European s-mobile ): The river Glomma passes through the center of the district in a very sudden turn.

Volume I (= Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 23 ) ( Washington, D. C., 1997 ): 146-161.

* Winfred P. Lehmann, " Early Celtic among the Indo-European dialects ", in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 49-50, Issue 1 ( 1997 ): 440-54.

The kernel of Pedersen's argument for Nostratic in that article was as follows ( 1903: 560-561 ; " Indo-Germanic " = Indo-European ):

The Persian conjunction ki brings to Turkish the Indo-European style of relating ideas (# Lewis ):

In the Indo-European languages, some clitics can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European: for example, * is the original form of Sanskrit च (- ca ), Greek τε (- te ), and Latin-que.

In the present work an attempt is made to set forth the inferred Indo-European original language side by side with its really existent derived languages.

Several are known to have occurred in Indo-European languages, including the presumed original Proto-Indo-European words for bear (* rkso ), wolf (* wlk < sup > w </ sup > o ), and deer ( originally, hart — although the word hart remained commonplace in parts of England until the 20th century as is witnessed by the widespread use of the pub sign The White Hart ).

In different Indo-European languages, each of these words has a difficult etymology because of taboo deformations — a euphemism was substituted for the original, which no longer occurs in the language.

: Bopp's researches, carried with wonderful penetration into the most minute and almost microscopical details of linguistic phenomena, have led to the opening up of a wide and distant view into the original seats, the closer or more distant affinity, and the tenets, practices and domestic usages of the ancient Indo-European nations, and the science of comparative grammar may truly be said to date from his earliest publication.

It is a matter of considerable scholarly debate whether the biblical " Hittites " signified any or all of: 1 ) the original Hattians ; 2 ) their Indo-European conquerors ( Nesili ), who retained the name " Hatti " for Central Anatolia, and are today referred to as the " Hittites " ( the subject of this article ); or 3 ) a Canaanite group who may or may not have been related to either or both of the Anatolian groups, and who also may or may not be identical with the later Neo-Hittite ( Luwian ) polities.

Scholars have theorized that these divine twins in Indo-European cultures stem from divine twins from an original Proto-Indo-European culture.

The first Lithuanians were a branch of an ancient Indo-European group known as the Balts, whose tribes also included the original Prussian and Latvian people.

Given Poseidon's connection with horses as well as the sea, and the landlocked situation of the likely Indo-European homeland, Nobuo Komita has proposed that Poseidon was originally an aristocratic Indo-European horse-god who was then assimilated to Near Eastern aquatic deities when the basis of the Greek livelihood shifted from the land to the sea, or a god of fresh waters who was assigned a secondary role as god of the sea, where he overwhelmed the original Aegean sea deities such as Proteus and Nereus.

In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed migration hypotheses asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE.

In recent times, linguists often place the Urheimat, ( German: original homeland ), of the Proto-Uralic language in the vicinity of the Volga River, west of the Urals, close to the Urheimat of the Indo-European languages, or to the east and southeast of the Urals.

This migration assimilated and replaced the Indo-Europeans of the region to create a distinct identity, as the language and culture of the Turkic migrants eventually supplanted the original Indo-European influences.

Georg Wissowa stressed Jupiter's uniqueness as the only case among Indo-European religions in which the original god preserved his name, his identity and his prerogatives.

It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race or subrace of the larger Caucasian race.

Lithuanian still retains many of the original features of the nominal morphology found in some ancient Indo-European languages like Sanskrit and Latin, and has therefore been the focus of much study in the area of Indo-European linguistics.

The original evidence recognized by Gimbutas, however, of Neolithic societies being more egalitarian than the Bronze Age Indo-European and Semitic patriarchies remains valid.

The original homeland of the Kassites is not well known, but appears to have been located in the Zagros Mountains in Lorestan in what is now modern Iran, although, like the Elamites, Gutians and Manneans, they were unrelated to the later Indo-European / Iranic Medes and Persians who came to dominate the region a thousand years later .< ref >

( The original form must then have been Strums, for the missing s see Indo-European s-mobile.

( The original form must then have been Strums, for the missing s see Indo-European s-mobile.

The original meaning of English north, from Indo-European * ner-" under ", indicates an original sense of " lowlands " for " bottomlands ".

Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which is attested in original texts.