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Page "Cognitive bias" ¶ 18
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Belief and bias
* Belief bias
* How Belief Works-an article on the origins of the availability bias.
Belief bias is a cognitive bias in which people evaluate the validity of a given conclusion ( Evans & Curtis-Holmes, 2005 ).
Belief bias occurs whenever responses are given on the foundation of the conclusion ’ s believability, despite instructions stressing that responses should be made on the basis of logical validity ( Quayle & Ball, 2000 ).
Belief bias emanates due to a conflict occurring between belief and logic reasoning ( Sa, West & Stanovich, 1999 ).

Belief and is
Belief in an afterlife, which may be naturalistic or supernatural, is in contrast to the belief in eternal oblivion after death.
Belief through faith is the condition for entrance into the Kingdom of God ; unbelief is the condition for exit from the Kingdom of God – not a lack of good works.
In New York, the New Normannii Reik of Theodish Belief was founded in 1997 and is led by Dan Halloran, but in 2009 many members split off and formed the Arfstoll Church of Theodish Belief, White Marsh Theod, and Álfröðull þjóð.
Belief in such a cabal is a device for reassuring oneself that certain occurrences are not random, but ordered by a human intelligence.
Belief in the existence of ghosts and earthbound spirits is rejected and considered to be the product of superstition.
Belief in a divine potential of humankind is taught by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS ).
Belief that the citizen's country has benefited from EU membership is lowest ( below 50 %) in the UK, Hungary, Latvia, Italy, Austria, Sweden and Bulgaria.
Belief in divine intervention in illness or healing is related to religious belief.
# Belief in and worship of, or prayer to, " idols " is forbidden.
Belief in Mary's immaculate conception is not a doctrine within Anglicanism, although it is shared by many Anglo-Catholics.
* Belief that an event is " due " to happen: For example, " The roulette wheel has landed on red in three consecutive spins.
Belief in the eventual coming of a future messiah is a fundamental part of Judaism, and is one of Maimonides ' 13 Principles of Faith.
Belief in the eventual coming of the mashiach is a basic and fundamental part of traditional Judaism.
Belief in the Resurrection of the Dead, and Jesus Christ's role as judge, is codified in the Apostles ' Creed, which is the fundamental creed of Christian baptismal faith.
Belief in the " Day of Resurrection ", Yawm al-Qiyāmah () is also crucial for Muslims.
Belief or unbelief in the theory of evolution is no more a characteristic of any religious establishment or mode of worship than is belief or unbelief in the wisdom of the prohibition laws.
Belief in the existence of an Aryan race is sometimes referred to as " Aryanism ".
Belief in Xenu and body thetans is a requirement for a Scientologist to progress further along the Bridge to Total Freedom.

Belief and when
Belief in conspiracy theories has become a topic of interest for sociologists, psychologists and experts in folklore since at least the 1960s, when the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy eventually provoked an unprecedented public response directed against the official version of the case as expounded in the Report of the Warren Commission.
They show that this model, when optimized for single-step decision making, produces Belief Anchoring and Polarization of opinions-exactly as described in the global warming controversy context-in spite of identical evidence presented, the pre-existing beliefs ( or evidence presented first ) has an overwhelming effect on the beliefs formed.
Belief in kobolds dates to at least the 13th century, when German peasants carved kobold effigies for their homes.
The heavenly bodies ( the heavenly host-sun, moon, and stars ) were worshiped as deities, a practice which the bible disapproves and of which righteous Job protests his innocence: " If I have looked at the sun when it shone, or the moon ... and my mouth has kissed my hand, this also would be an iniquity ..." Belief in the divinity of the heavenly bodies explains a passage in Joshua 10: 12, usually translated as Joshua asking the sun and moon to stand still, but in fact Joshua utters an incantation to ensure that the sun-god and moon-god, who supported his enemies, would not provide them with oracles.
# Profiles in Belief is apparently in error when it says that the New England Evangelical Baptist Fellowship was organized in the 1940s by Congregational-Christian Churches that preferred not to become a part of the United Church of Christ.
Belief in changelings endured in parts of Ireland until as late as 1895, when Bridget Cleary was killed by her husband who believed her to be a changeling.
The term gained some attention when it was used in the 1955 book Science and Christian Belief by Charles Alfred Coulson, where Coulson states: " There is no ' God of the gaps ' to take over at those strategic places where science fails ; and the reason is that gaps of this sort have the unpreventable habit of shrinking.
Belief in John's supernatural powers culminated with the discovery of the saint's supposed tongue when three centuries later his tomb was opened and a piece of reddened tissue fell out of his skull.
His Wilde Lectures at Oxford University – published as God, Jesus and Belief: The Legacy of Theism ( 1984 ) – explored a range of intellectual, moral and existential issues in contemporary philosophical theology, developing further his argument that Christian ethical and faith traditions continue to have an enduring value at a time when former patterns of belief have broken down.
Note: Beyond Belief ( 1998 ), which shows up in various Internet booklists, does not exist, as it was the working title that became It Came From On High-the satirical novel about what occurs when the Pope discovers that aliens exist.

Belief and logical
Belief systems where several deities are omnipotent would lead to logical contradictions.
* Belief in the unity of science was a central tenet of logical positivism.

Belief and strength
Belief in the strength of this cultural phenomenon, and the degree to which it represents a negative trait, is to some extent influenced by politics.
" The Christian " proof of strength " is " Belief makes blessed: thus it is true.

Belief and argument
Loyola and Jesuitism in its Rudiments ( London, 1849 ; several editions ) and Wesley and Methodism ( London, 1851 ; 1863, 1865, and New York, 1852 ) were followed by a popular work on the Christian argument, The Restoration of Belief ( London, 1855 ,; several American editions ), an anonymous publication.

Belief and by
* Brain & Belief: An Exploration of the Human Soul by John J. McGraw, Aegis Press, 2004
However, the foundation of memetics in full modern incarnation originates in the publication in 1996 of two books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker player, Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab.
* Rohde, Erwin, Psyche: The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality Among the Greeks, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1925 ; reprinted by Routledge, 2000.
Belief in the loup-garou present in Canada, the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and upstate New York, originates from French folklore influenced by Native American stories on the Wendigo.
" A Puzzle about Belief ", In Meaning and Use, edited by A. Margalit.
Belief in the messiahship and divinity of Jesus, which Messianic Judaism generally shares, is viewed by many Christian denominations and Jewish religious movements as a defining distinction between Christianity and Judaism.
He wrote a foreword to the book Yoga Beyond Belief, written by Ganga White in 2007.
Ethics of Belief Classic essay that belief by its nature is not ethical, with counterpoint by " The Will to Believe " of William James
Belief in the resolution and compensation of good and evil in this world, by the eternal elevation of the soul in the next world, can resolve apparent injustices in the full metaphysical equation.
Like The Process of Belief, it is widely regarded by fans as a return to the faster punk-style songwriting that some felt was less prominent in the band's music during their time on Atlantic.
# Belief that history textbooks and other educational materials have been negatively influenced by white-supremacist doctrines
Dan Egonsson, followed by Roger Wertheimer, argued that while it is conventional for people to equate dignity with ' being human ' ( Egonsson's ' Standard Attitude ', Wertheimer's ' Standard Belief '), people generally also import something other than mere humanness to their idea of dignity.
The category of problem owes its name to a three-page paper published in 1963, by Edmund Gettier, called " Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ?".
Belief and faith in the true reality of the tathāgatagarbha is presented by the relevant scriptures as a positive mental act and is strongly urged ; indeed, rejection of the tathāgatagarbha is linked with highly adverse karmic consequences.
* Profiles in Belief: the Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada, by Arthur Carl Piepkorn

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