Bipolar disorder or bipolar affective disorder ( historically known as manic-depressive disorder ) is a psychiatric diagnosis for a mood disorder in which people experience disruptive mood swings that encompass a frenzied state known as mania ( or hypomania ) and, usually, symptoms of depression.

Bipolar disorder is defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes.

Bipolar disorder may be a polygenic disease.

Bipolar disorder is often treated with mood stabilizing medications and, sometimes, other psychiatric drugs.

Bipolar disorder is a condition in which people experience intermittent abnormally elevated ( manic or hypomanic ) and, in many cases, abnormally depressed states for periods of time in a way that interferes with functioning.

Bipolar disorder is also accompanied by changes in cognitive processes and abilities.

Several rating scales for the screening and evaluation of bipolar disorder exist, such as the Bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale.

; Bipolar I disorder: One or more manic episodes.

; Bipolar II disorder: No manic episodes, but one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more major depressive episode.

; Bipolar disorder NOS ( not otherwise specified ): This is a catchall category, diagnosed when the disorder does not fall within a specific subtype.

Bipolar NOS can still significantly impair and adversely affect the quality of life of the patient.

Bipolar disorder can be a severely disabling medical condition.

" Bipolar disorder is currently regarded " as possibly the most costly category of mental disorders in the United States.

Bipolar disorder can cause suicidal ideation that leads to suicidal attempts.

Bipolar I disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by at least one manic or mixed episode.

Bipolar I disorder sometimes occurs along with episodes of hypomania or major depression as well.

Bipolar.

Construction of a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell | PEMFC: Bipolar plate as electrode with in-milled gas channel structure, fabricated from conductive composite material | composite s ( enhanced with graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, and / or carbon nanotube s for more conductivity ); Porous carbon papers ; reactive layer, usually on the polymer membrane applied ; polymer membrane. Condensation of water produced by a PEMFC on the air channel wall.

Bipolar disorder ( also known as manic depression ) involves abnormally " high " or pressured mood states, known as mania or hypomania, alternating with normal or depressed mood.

Functioning has been found to vary, being poor during periods of major depression or mania but otherwise fair to good, and possibly superior during periods of hypomania in Bipolar II.

Other members of the MIPS family include the R6000, an ECL implementation produced by Bipolar Integrated Technology.

Hypomania may be indicative of Bipolar II Disorder or Cyclothymia.

GMT would have provided foundry services based on TelCom's Bipolar and SiCr Thin Film Resistor processes and would have been licensed alternate sources for TelCom's Bipolar based products.

Antipsychotics are broadly divided into two groups, the typical or first-generation antipsychotics and the atypical or second-generation antipsychotics.

Antipsychotics might also be used to counter psychosis associated with a wide range of other diagnoses, such as psychotic depression.

Antipsychotics have also been increasingly used off-label in cases of dementia in older people, and for various disorders and difficulties in children and teenagers.

Antipsychotics are sometimes used as part of compulsory treatment via inpatient ( hospital ) commitment or outpatient commitment.

Antipsychotics are among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $ 22 billion in global sales in 2008.

Antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects.

* Antipsychotics, particularly atypicals, appear to cause diabetes mellitus and fatal diabetic ketoacidosis, especially ( in US studies ) in African Americans.

* Antipsychotics may cause pancreatitis.

* Antipsychotics increase the likelihood of a fatal heart attack, with the risk of death increasing with dose and the length of time on the drug.

* Antipsychotics are generally a first-line treatment for delirium ; however, when delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic withdrawal, benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment.

Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal ( or other CNS depressant withdrawal states ) especially clozapine, olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e. g. chlorpromazine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects ; if used extreme caution is required.

Antipsychotics are sometimes employed but require caution as they can worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects.

Antipsychotics should be used with care as they can worsen catatonia and are the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic.

Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers help stabilize mood of those with mania or depression.

Antipsychotics, however, fail to significantly ameliorate the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.

* Antipsychotics, which treat psychoses such as schizophrenia and mania.

Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat various symptoms of psychosis, such as those caused by psychotic disorders or schizophrenia.

Antipsychotics are also used as mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder, even if no symptoms of psychosis are present.

Antipsychotics are not effective against dissociatives such as PCP, DXM and Ketamine, and should not be used if these drugs are involved.

Antipsychotics, particularly haloperidol, are the most commonly used drugs for delirium and the most studied.

Antipsychotics, however, fail to significantly ameliorate the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.

Antipsychotics can also be injected, but this method is not as common.