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Byzantine and Empire
Nevertheless, it remained one of the most splendid churches of the Eastern Empire, where the Byzantine Emperors were crowned.
Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.
The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.
In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.
In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.
After the division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).
Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.
Alp Arslan led Seljuq Turks to victory against the Byzantine Empire | Byzantines in 1071.
In 1068, en route to Syria, Alp Arslan Oush invaded the Byzantine Empire.
While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.
* 527 – Justinian I becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates, made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the early Muslim invaders.
This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire.
Troy cannot have been Asagarth, Snorri realizes, the reason being that the Æsir in Asaland were unsettled by the military activities of the Romans ; that is, of the Byzantine Empire.
* 450 – Pulcheria becomes empress of the Byzantine Empire after her brother Theodosius II is killed during an hunting accident.
The " Rubens Vase " ( Byzantine Empire ).
* 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.
Alexios used the opportunity of meeting the crusader leaders separately as they arrived and extracting from them oaths of homage and the promise to turn over conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire.
He presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext to launch his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine and Abdallah
* The Umayyad prince Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures the Byzantine stronghold of Theodosiopolis.
* August – Abdallah, son of the Aghlabid emir Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in Sicily.
The next year he captured Aqrun ( Akroinos ), while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner.

Byzantine and ibn
The city was sacked by the Samaritans in 529, but rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Bethlehem was conquered by the Arab Caliphate of ' Umar ibn al-Khattāb in 637, who guaranteed safety for the city's religious shrines.
Heraclea Cybistra and Tyana fall to the Arabs, and the Byzantine emperor Theophilos is defeated by Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma ' mun
* Mesopotamia: Muhammad ibn Marwan invades the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates ; the local commander Baanes surrenders before the large Arab army and the population accepts a Muslim governor.
* Byzantine Empire: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik raids Isauria.
* Byzantine Empire: March – The Umayyads under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik capture and sack the Byzantine city of Tyana after a prolonged siege, and following a victory over a Byzantine relief army.
* Spring – summer – Arabs under Hassan ibn al-Nu ' man capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire, and destroy it completely.
* Leontios leading a substantial Byzantine army, was defeated at the Battle of Sebastopolis by an Arab army led by Muhammad ibn Marwan.
* Umayyad forces under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea.
In 625, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, King of Mecca, who paid tax to the Byzantine empire regularly, once again led a Meccan force against Medina.
A Byzantine fleet arrived, retook Carthage but in 698 Hasan ibn al-Nu ' man returned and defeated Tiberios III at the Battle of Carthage.
In 634, Byzantine forces were defeated by the Muslim army of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab and the city was renamed Baysan.
* In 688 the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II and the Arab Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan reached an unprecedented agreement to establish a condominium ( the concept did not yet exist ) over Cyprus, with the collected taxes from the island being equally divided between the two parties.
Sulayman also sent a large army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik to attack the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
Hisham's son Mu ' awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in the almost annual raids against the Byzantine Empire.
He records that internal Byzantine strife ( the struggle between Constantine V and the usurper Artabasdos ) facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman ibn Hisham in 741-742 ( p. 106 ) that resulted in many Byzantines made Arab captives.
* Siege of Jerusalem ( 637 ) by Khalid ibn al-Walid ( Rashidun general ) under Umar the Great, capturing the city from the Byzantine Empire
Through the end of the 7th century, Arabic copies of solidi — dinars minted by the caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who had access to supplies of gold from the upper Nile — began to circulate in areas outside the Byzantine Empire.
The city was conquered by the Sassanid Persians in the early 7th century, and, after a short Byzantine reconquest, was finally captured by the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid ibn Walid in the Battle of Bosra ( 634 ).
The conquest of Byzantine Sicily from 827 under Asad ibn al-Furat was an attempt to keep the unruly troops under control-it was only achieved slowly, and only in 902 was the last Byzantine outpost taken.
* Sassanid army along with al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu ' man himself and his army defeated the famed Byzantine general Belisarius at the Battle of Callinicum ( 531 ).

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