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* Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
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Byzantine and co-emperor
After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.
* 474 – Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* October 12 – Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine co-emperor ( b. 1277 )
* Byzantine co-emperor John V Palaiologos pledges loyalty to the Ottoman Empire to prevent the Turks from invading Constantinople.
* August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor.
* The Venetians and Ottomans invade Constantinople and restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor.
Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as Byzantine co-emperor but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.
Although Basil seems to have shared this belief ( and hated Leo ), the subsequent promotion of Basil to caesar and then co-emperor provided the child with a legitimate and Imperial parent and secured his succession to the Byzantine throne.
On September 14, 920, Romanos was invested as kaisar ( Caesar ), and finally on December 17 of the same year he was crowned co-emperor, becoming the effective head of the Byzantine Empire.
* Theodosius ( son of Maurice ) ( 583 / 585 – 602 ), eldest son and co-emperor of the Byzantine emperor Maurice
Because at the time of the engagement Emperor Alexios I had no rightful male heirs to inherit the throne, young Constantine was proclaimed the co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* Christopher Lekapenos ( 921-931 ), Byzantine co-emperor
He was the first Byzantine emperor to use the term " autocrator " () on coinage to celebrate the ending of his thirty-three years as co-emperor.
In order to bypass this prohibition and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise.
* Michael VIII Palaeologus ( co-emperor 1259 – 1261 ; restored Byzantine Empire )
After the Fourth Crusade, members of the family fled to the neighboring Empire of Nicaea, where Michael VIII Palaiologos became co-emperor in 1259, recaptured Constantinople and was crowned sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire in 1261.
To secure the alliance, Bagrat ’ s daughter Mart ’ a ( Maria ) married, at some point between 1066 and 1071, the Byzantine co-emperor Michael VII Ducas.
Roman may have been proclaimed co-emperor in accordance with Byzantine usage, but the evidence for that is vague.
Michael IX Palaiologos or Palaeologus (, Mikhaēl IX Palaiologos ), ( 17 April 1277 – 12 October 1320, Thessalonica, Greece ), reigned as Byzantine co-emperor with full imperial style 1294 / 1295 – 1320.
Byzantine and Andronikos
Andronikos III Palaiologos, Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus (; 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341 ) was Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341, after being rival emperor since 1321.
The subsequent years witnessed the gradual extinction of Byzantine rule in Asia Minor, as Orhan of the Ottoman Turks, who had already defeated Andronikos III at Pelekanos in 1329, took Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337.
Despite these troubles Andronikos III secured the extension of Byzantine control over Thessaly in 1333 and Epirus in 1337, by taking advantage of succession crises in these principalities.
Andronikos III reorganized the Byzantine navy ( consisted of 10 ships by 1332 ) and reformed the judicial system by forming a panel of four universal judges whom he designated " Universal Justices of the Romans ".
Under Andronikos the Byzantine Empire came closest to regaining a position of power in the Balkan Peninsula since the Fourth Crusade.
Yet none of this was due to a lack of leadership on Andronikos ' part and his reign could be said to end before the Byzantine Empire's position became untenable due to the ensuing civil war which consumed the empire's remaining resources on Andronikos's death.
Andronikos II Palaiologos () ( 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332 ), Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, was Byzantine emperor from 1282 to 1328.
Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine hyperpyron depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue ( in nominal coins ) that it had done previously.
Seeking to increase revenue and reduce expenses, Andronikos II raised taxes and reduced tax exemptions, and dismantled the Byzantine fleet ( 80 ships ) in 1285, thereby making the Empire increasingly dependent on the rival republics of Venice and Genoa.
Andronikos II Palaiologos sought to resolve some of the problems facing the Byzantine Empire through diplomacy.
In spite of the resolution of problems in Europe, Andronikos II was faced with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier in Asia Minor, despite the successful, but short, governorships of Alexios Philanthropenos and John Tarchaneiotes.
Andronikos I Komnenos ( or Andronicus I Comnenus, ; c. 1118 – September 12, 1185 ) was Byzantine Emperor from 1183 to 1185 ).
The defection of the commander of the Byzantine navy, megas doux Andronikos Kontostephanos, and the general Andronikos Angelos, played a key role in allowing the rebellious forces to enter Constantinople.
However, as Andronikos ' rule went on, the Emperor became increasingly paranoid and violent – in September 1185, Andronikos ordered the execution of all prisoners, exiles and their families for collusion with the invaders – and the Byzantine Empire descended into a terror state.
* 1259 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor ( d. 1332 )
* 1297 – Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor ( d. 1341 )
The majority of these areas were under Byzantine rule and he won his first battle, at Pelekanon, against the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos.
** Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor ( d. 1341 )
** Andronikos IV Palaiologos, The Byzantine Emperor
* June 15 – Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor ( b. 1297 )
Byzantine and IV
* 681 – Bulgaria is founded as a Khanate on the south bank of the Danube after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta.
Under Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, Serbia expanded into Byzantine territory in Macedonia, taking Ohrid, Prilep, Kastoria, Strumica, and Edessa in about 1334.
* Alexius IV, Byzantine emperor
* 1041 – Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor ( b. 1010 )
* 750 – Leo IV the Khazar, Byzantine Emperor ( d. 780 )
In Civilization IV, Justinian is the leader of the Byzantine Empire.
IV, Issue 3 ( Jun / Jul, 2010 ), was devoted to " Justinian's fireman: Belisarius and the Byzantine empire ", with articles by Sidney Dean, Duncan B. Campbell, Ian Hughes, Ross Cowan, Raffaele D ' Amato, and Christopher Lillington-Martin.
Venetians gathered together a large naval force, including hired fleets from Peter IV of Aragon and from Byzantine Empire of John VI Cantacuzene.
Agatho also undertook negotiations between the Holy See and Constantine IV concerning the relations of the Byzantine Court to papal elections.
The interior of San Marco, Rome | St Mark ’ s Basilica in Rome, including the Byzantine mosaics commissioned by Gregory IV
In Rome he was otherwise able to receive the homage of King Peter I of Cyprus, Queen Joan I of Naples and the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaeologus, and crowned Charles IV as Holy Roman Emperor.
* Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor
* Romanos IV, Byzantine Emperor
* February – Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.
* February 8 – Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
* Leo IV succeeds Constantine V as Byzantine Emperor.
* September 8 – Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor
* Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor
* A rebellion breaks out against William II of Sicily, and the Byzantine Empire, encouraged by Pope Adrian IV, invades Apulia.
* September – Justinian II succeeds Constantine IV as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* September – Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor ( b. 652 )
* Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor ( d. 1041 )
* Constantine IV, son of Constans II, becomes Byzantine Emperor, succeeding Constans II.
* 1281 – Pope Martin IV authorizes the Ninth Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople ; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
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