Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism – notably Calvinism – were supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities dedicated to it, seeing them as endowed with moral and spiritual significance.

* 1541 – After three years of exile, John Calvin returns to Geneva to reform the church under a body of doctrine known as Calvinism.

This was evident from the Cologne War ( 1583 – 88 ), a conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, converted to Calvinism.

The differences between the solutions to the problem of total depravity revolve around the relation between divine grace and human free will – namely, whether it is efficacious grace that human free will cannot resist, as in Calvinism, or prevenient grace enabling the human will to choose to follow God, as in Arminianism and Molinism.

His Irenicum vere christianum is directed against David Pareus ( 1548 – 1622 ), professor primarius at Heidelberg, who in Irenicum sive de unione et synodo Evangelicorum ( 1614 ) had pleaded for a reconciliation of Lutheranism and Calvinism ; his Calvinista aulopoliticus ( 1610 ) was written against the " damnable Calvinism " which was becoming prevalent in Holstein and Brandenburg.

The controversy between Arminian and Calvinistic Methodists produced the notable Arminian critique of Calvinism: Fletcher's Five Checks to Antinomianism ( 1771 – 75 ).

But the Calvinist Synod of Dort ( 1618 – 1619 ), convening for the purpose of condemning Arminius ' theology, declared it and its adherents anathemas, defined the five points of Calvinism, and persecuted Arminian pastors who remained in the Netherlands.

Nathaniel William Taylor ( 1786 – 1858 ) was an influential Protestant Theologian of the early 19th century, whose major contribution to the Christian faith ( and to American religious history ), known as the New Haven theology, was to line up historical Calvinism with the religious revivalism of the time ( The Second Great Awakening ).

A recent precursor was Frederick Nymeyer who published the journal Progressive Calvinism ( 1955 – 60 ) in which he advocated Biblical law and Austrian economics.

Scholastic Calvinists have sometimes debated precisely when, relative to the decree for the Fall of man, God did his electing – see supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism – though such distinctions are not often emphasized in modern Calvinism.

:: Scotland – John Knox returns from Geneva to promote Calvinism.

His 1976 master's dissertation was entitled " Calvinism and the Persecution of the Witches in England ( 1563 – 1604 )" and his 1979 doctoral dissertation was entitled " The Life of Faith in the Teaching of Elizabethan Protestantism ".

In 1554 – 1555 the question of the Religious Peace of Augsburg occupied his mind ; in 1556 the conference with Johannes a Lasco, in 1557 the Frankenthal conference with the Anabaptists and the Worms Colloquy ; in 1558 the edict against Schwenckfeld and the Anabaptists, and the Frankfort Recess ; in 1559 the plan for a synod of those who were related to the Augsburg Confession and the Stuttgart Synod, to protect Brenz's doctrine of the Lord's Supper against Calvinistic tendencies ; in 1563 and 1569 the struggle against Calvinism in the Electorate of the Palatinate ( Maulbronn Colloquy ) and the crypto-Calvinistic controversies.

The Jauchs are descendants of Salomon Gesner ( 1559 – 1605 ), Lutheran theologian of the Protestant Reformation, persecutor of Calvinism, professor at the University of Wittenberg and propst at the All Saints ' Church, Wittenberg.

Salomon Gesner ( 1559 – 1605 ),</ br > professor of divinity, rector of the University of Halle-Wittenberg | University of Wittenberg, Provost ( religion ) | provost at the All Saints ' Church, Wittenberg, battlesome defender of Lutheranism and persecutor of Calvinism during the Second Reformation, ancestor of today's Jauchs

But Pierre Du Moulin ( Molinæus ) ( since 1621 professor of the rival theological school of Sedan ), Friedrich Spanheim ( 1600 – 1649, Professor in Leiden ), André Rivet ( 1572 – 1651, Professor in Leiden ), and the theologians of Geneva opposed it, as a departure from the orthodox faith and a compromise between Calvinism and Arminianism.

Ever since Arminius and his followers revolted against Calvinism in the early 17th century, Protestant soteriology has been largely divided between Calvinism and Arminianism.

Wesley's opposition to Calvinism was more successful than Arminius ', especially in the United States where Arminianism would become the dominant school of soteriology of Evangelical Protestantism, largely because it was spread through popular preaching in a series of Great Awakenings.

Understanding Arminianism is aided by understanding the theological alternatives: Pelagianism, Semi-Pelagianism, and Calvinism.

Category: Church councils accepted by Calvinism

It contains an extended polemic against the doctrine of predestination ( Chapter 164 ), and in favour of justification by faith ; arguing that the eternal destination of the soul to Heaven or Hell is neither pre-determined by God's grace ( as in Calvinism ), nor the judgement of God, in his mercy, on the faith of believers on Earth ( as in Islam ).

Even the Geneva académie was eclipsed by universities in Leiden and Heidelberg, which became the new strongholds of Calvin's ideas, first identified as " Calvinism " by Joachim Westphal in 1552.

Emil Kauder expanded Schumpeter's argument by arguing the hypothesis that Calvinism hurt the development of capitalism by leading to the development of the labour theory of value.

Substantially he held fast the Calvinism of his preceptor Cameron ; but, like Richard Baxter in England, by his breadth and charity he exposed himself to all manner of misconstruction.

Protestants occupied most church buildings, and those remaining were confiscated by the government of the Dutch Republic of Seven Provinces, which favoured Calvinism.

The version of predestination espoused by John Calvin, after whom Calvinism is named, is sometimes referred to as " double predestination " because in it God predestines some people for salvation ( i. e. Unconditional election ) and some for condemnation ( i. e. Reprobation ).

Thus, a warning, issued in 1564, summoning Jeanne d ' Albret, the Queen of Navarre, before the Inquisition on a charge of Calvinism, was withdrawn by him in deference to the indignant protest of Charles IX of France.

" Puritan theology " makes sense only as certain parts of Reformed theology, i. e. the legacy in theological terms of Calvinism, as it was expounded by Puritan preachers ( often known as lecturers ), and applied in the lives of Puritans.

The question is definitively resolved in Calvinism by asserting that all souls act according to God's sovereign will, and in Mormonism ( see below ) by asserting that human souls have always existed and are co-eternal with God.

Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities, it did not resolve the underlying religious conflict, which was made yet more complex by the spread of Calvinism throughout Germany in the years that followed.

In the years before the English Civil War, his reputation as a scholar and his moderate Calvinism meant that his opinion was sought by both King and Parliament.

Calvinism has been known at times for its simple, unadorned churches and lifestyles, as depicted in this painting by Emmanuel de Witte c. 1660Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years War.

Thanks to a theological pamphlet attributed to him, Middleton is thought by some to have been a strong believer in Calvinism, among the dominant strains in the theology of the English church of his time, which rigidly divides humanity into the damned and the elect, which focuses on human sinfulness and inadequacy more than in the other denominations of Christianity.

According to the terms of the Union of Utrecht, the rights and privileges of the Roman Catholic religion were safeguarded, however a few years later, on June 14, 1580, the public practice of Catholicism was forbidden by the magistrates of Utrecht, who were by then mostly Protestant Calvinists or had been forced to profess Calvinism.

Category: Church councils accepted by Calvinism

* The Irony of Apartheid: the struggle for national independence of Afrikaner Calvinism against British imperialism by Irving Hexham, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, c1981, ISBN 0-88946-904-0

Calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of Cours présidiaux tribunals by Henry II.

It is advocated to various degrees by many Protestant confessions of faith and catechisms, including those of Lutheranism, Arminianism, and Calvinism.

Calvinism is not pacifistic and Calvinists have been involved in religious wars, notably the French Wars of Religion and the English Civil War.

Calvinism does not seem to have struck with Hilliard, but the fluent French he acquired abroad was later useful.

His object was not to set aside but to moderate Calvinism by ingrafting this doctrine upon the particularism of election, and thereby to fortify it against the objections of Roman Catholics, by whom the French Protestants, or Huguenots, were surrounded and threatened.