The French philosopher Voltaire's classic 1759 novella Candide: Or, Optimism deals with this subject and can be considered an early exploration of this psychological phenomenon.

* Candide at Internet Archive ( scanned books original editions color illustrated )

This is an old tradition, well illustrated in works such as Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Voltaire's Candide.

As philosophers of Voltaire's day contended with the problem of evil, so too does Candide in this short novel, albeit more directly and humorously.

Equally influential, if not more so, however, have been earlier pieces of political fiction such as Gulliver's Travels ( 1726 ), Candide ( 1759 ) and Uncle Tom's Cabin ( 1852 ).

This theme had been explored previously in fiction by Daniel Defoe ( Robinson Crusoe and the robinsonade genre ) and Voltaire ( Candide ), and more recently by William Golding ( Lord of the Flies and Pincher Martin ), Umberto Eco ( The Island of the Day Before ), J. M.

The same could be said of the works of Voltaire, particularly his comedic and philosophically satirical novel, Candide, which, according to recent research, sold more than 20, 000 copies in its first month alone in 1759.

A passage in Voltaire's Candide has the book's eponymous main character meet the deposed Ahmed III while on a ship from Venice to Constantinople.

* ( iTunes link ) Podcast lecture on Candide, from Dr Martin Evans at Stanford University

* Voltaire's novel Candide purports to be assembled from the notes of a deceased " Monsieur le docteur Ralph ", likely because the novel pokes fun at most of the powers of Europe at the time.

It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide, Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story, and that Bernstein ’ s co-lyricist billing credit mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout, presumably as a trade-off.

The music of " Gee, Officer Krupke " was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide.

It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide, Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story, and that Bernstein's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout, presumably as a trade-off.

In chapter 5 of Voltaire's novella Candide, a minor character remarks that he was from this region ; " I am a sailor and born at Batavia ".

* Martin ( Candide ), from the 1759 novel Candide by Voltaire

It was followed by Turk and no Turk ( 1785 ), a musical comedy ; Inkle and Yarico ( 1787 ), an opera ; Ways and Means ( 1788 ); The Iron Chest ( 1796 ), taken from William Godwin's Adventures of Caleb Williams ; The Poor Gentleman ( 1802 ); John Bull, or an Englishman's Fireside ( 1803 ), his most successful piece ; The Heir at Law ( 1808 ), which enriched the stage with one immortal character, " Dr Pangloss " ( borrowed of course from Voltaire's Candide ), and numerous other pieces, many of them adapted from the French.

The term " panglossianism " describes baseless optimism of the sort exemplified by the beliefs of Pangloss from Voltaire's Candide, which are the opposite of his fellow traveller Martin's pessimism and emphasis on free will.

David Lampe, in his book, Pyke, the Unknown Genius, states that the name was derived from Voltaire's Candide and was misspelt by his Canadian secretary.

In Portsmouth, Candide witnesses the execution of an officer by firing squad ; and is told that " in this country, it is good to kill an admiral from time to time, in order to encourage the others " ( Dans ce pays-ci, il est bon de tuer de temps en temps un amiral pour encourager les autres ).

The company's American repertoire has ranged from established works ( e. g., Douglas Moore's The Ballad of Baby Doe, Carlisle Floyd's Susannah and Leonard Bernstein's Candide ) to new works ( e. g., Thomas Pasatieri's Before Breakfast and Mark Adamo's Little Women ).

In chapter 6 of Voltaire's novella Candide, the narrator remarks that the University of Coimbra had decided that " the burning of a few people alive by a slow fire, and with great ceremony, is an infallible secret to hinder the earth from quaking.

In the 20th century, examples include: Agustín Barrios's Julia Florida ; the second movement of Villa-Lobos's Trio No. 2 ( 1915 ) ( which contains a Berceuse-Barcarolla ); the first movement of Francis Poulenc's Napoli Suite for solo piano ( 1925 ); George Gershwin's Dance of the Waves ( 1937 ); Ned Rorem's three Barcaroles for piano, composed in Morocco ( 1949 ); " The Kings ' Barcarole " from Leonard Bernstein's Candide ( 1956 ); and " Agony " from Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods.

Florida state law chapter 4265, approved May 25, 1893, incorporated the Palm Beach Railway and Power Company, owned by Edward Manrara, Candide A. M. Ybor and Emilio Pons, " to build, construct, purchase, own, maintain and operate a line or lines of street railway in the city of Tampa, on any street not already occupied by any other competing line of street railway ; and may extend said railroad from said city of Tampa to any point on Hillsborough bay, east of the Hillsborough river.

At the beginning of the story, Candide is chased away from his uncle's home after he is caught kissing and fondling Cunégonde.

The late-night show's 45-minute midpoint would always be signaled by the musical piece " Glitter and Be Gay " from Leonard Bernstein's Candide.

Only the second of these recurring scenes is found in the novel, and in this case, unlike Candide, the optimism always comes from the innocent Goodbody ( Candide ), never Clapper.

* Napoleon, Davi, Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater, Iowa State University Press, ( Includes a preface by Prince and a full chapter about the production of Candide.

A full " Memoir of John Nichols " by Alexander Chalmers is contained in the Illustrations, and a bibliography in the Anecdotes ( vol.

Part of his correspondence in bibliography is included in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes and Illustrations.

He also produced a second series of Zoological Illustrations ( 1832 – 33 ), three volumes of Jardine's Naturalist's Library, and eleven volumes of Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia ; he had signed a contract with Longman to produce fourteen illustrated volumes of 300 pages in this series, one to be produced quarterly.

* Charles Bell presents a paper to the Royal Society, " On the Nerves, Giving an Account of some Experiments on their Structure and Functions, which lead to a New Arrangement of the System ", identifying Bell's palsy ; and also publishes his book Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy ( illustrated by himself ).

He was the author of Outlines of Botany ( 1835 ), and Illustrations of Useful Plants employed in the Arts and Medicine, published posthumously and illustrated by his sister M. A. Burnett.

* GASL. org: First editions of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There With 92 Illustrations by Tenniel, 1866 / 1872.

Illustrations included in selected editions of Countee Cullen's Caroling Dusk ; * James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse ; and Alain Locke's New Negro.

# A Book of the Play: Studies and Illustrations of Histrionic Story, Life, and Character 1876, three editions

From the book Illustrations, Historical and Genealogical of King James ’ s Irish Army List ( 1689 ) written by John D ’ Alton, Esquire & Barrister of Dublin Ireland in 1885 you are able to locate a list of important persons having bore the Quinn surname and its many variations.

His publications include: Introduction to Greek Epigraphy ( 1887 ); Ancient Athens ( 1902 ); Handbook of Greek Sculpture ( 1905 ); Six Greek Sculptors ( 1910 ); " Poet and Artist in Greece: With Illustrations " ( 1933 ; Keiji Kokubu's Japanese translation available, Sogensha Press, 1944 ).

Illustrations and descriptions of the various collegiate gowns are available from the University's Heraldic and Genealogical Society website or the University's Cap & Gown Society website.

His " Illustrations " was intended to be a 3-volume work, but financial considerations prevented more than one volume being published.

Nine more of his poems were published anonymously in the 1830 pamphlet Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Paintings.

Darwin recalled in his autobiography " No poet ever felt more delight at seeing his first poem published than I did at seeing in Stephen's Illustrations of British Insects the magic words, ' captured by C. Darwin, Esq.

Illustrations for newspapers and magazines continued a heroic style with perhaps more confidence than painters, and Melton Prior followed British forces around Imperial troublespots for decades, working for the Illustrated London News ; his scenes " helped to establish a style of action draughtsmanship which has left an indelible stamp on the art of the comic strip.