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* Casimir III of Poland ( 1312 – 1377 ) expansionist and financial reformer.
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Casimir and III
Casimir III the Great () ( 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370 ) who reigned in 1333 – 1370, was the last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty, the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duchess Hedwig of Kalisz.
However, Casimir III the Great submitted to the Golden Horde and undertook to pay tribute in order to avoid more conflicts.
File: Kazimierz III sarcophagus figure. jpg | Effigy of Casimir from his own tomb erected by his nephew around 1371
The Kingdom was restored under Władysław I the Elbow-high, strengthened and expanded by his son Casimir III the Great.
* Hedwig of Kalisz ( 1266 – 1339 ), wife of the King Władysław I the Elbow-high and mother of Casimir III of Poland and Elisabeth of Poland.
According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.
Its last king, Casimir III, had left no legitimate son and considered his male grandchildren either unsuited or too young to reign.
There were descendants of superseded daughters of Casimir III of Poland ( d. 1370 ), such as his youngest daughter Anna, Countess of Celje ( d. 1425 without surviving Issue ), and her daughter Anna of Celje ( 1380 – 1416 ) whom Władysław II Jagiełło married next.
Emperor Sigismund himself was an heir of Casimir III, as eldest son of his mother Elisabeth of Pomerania, who was since 1377 the only surviving child of Elisabeth of Poland, herself daughter of Casimir III from his first marriage with Aldona Gediminaite of Lithuania.
Among them were Boleslaw IV the Curly, Mieszko III the Old, Casimir II the Just, Leszek I the White, Boleslaw V the Chaste, Leszek II the Black, Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high, and King of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who united Lesser Poland in 1290 / 1291.
It became visible during the reign of Casimir III the Great, who favored less known Lesser Poland's noble families, at the expense of Greater Poland's nobility.
A wiec ( King's Council ) in the time of King Casimir III of Poland | Kazimierz the Great, 14th century
Casimir and Poland
His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria.
Alexander was born as son of the King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary, daughter of the King Albert of Hungary.
When Casimir, the last Piast king of Poland, died in 1370, his nephew King Louis I of Hungary succeeded him to become king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.
Although Jews had lived in Poland since before the reign of King Casimir, he allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of the king.
Casimir's full title was: Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland, lord and heir of the land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania ( Pomerelia ) and Ruthenia.
For assistance against the Order, the Confederation asked for help from King Casimir IV of Poland ; Casimir's subsequent claiming of Prussia led to the Thirteen Years ' War.
On 14 February 1479 at Frankfurt ( Oder ) he was married to Sophia of Poland ( 6 April 1464-5 October 1512 ), daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland by his wife Elisabeth of Habsburg, and sister of King Sigismund I of Poland.
( This division of Crown Poland into two entities called Greater and Lesser Poland had its roots in the Statutes of Casimir the Great of 1346 – 1362, where the laws of " Greater Poland " – the northern part of the country – were codified in the Piotrków statute, with those of " Lesser Poland " in the separate Wiślica statute.
He was born in Ansbach, the third of eight sons of Margrave Frederick the Elder and his wife Sophia of Poland, daughter of Casimir IV of Poland and Elisabeth of Habsburg.
George was married at Dresden, on 21 November 1496, to Barbara Jagiellon, daughter of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Elisabeth, daughter of Albrecht II of Hungary.
* Hedwig Jagiellon ( 1457 – 1502 ), daughter of the King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary.
Casimir and –
In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir – Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field.
Among these were Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, Josef Weigl ( 1766 – 1846 ), Ludwig-Wilhelm Tepper de Ferguson ( 1768after 1824 ), Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart.
Also, during his reign ( 1333 – 1370 ), Casimir the Great founded on Magdeburg rights several cities, urbanizing hitherto rural province.
* 1454 – Thirteen Years ' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.
* August 1 – Eighty Years ' War: Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz retakes Oldenzaal, forcing Spain to withdraw from Overijssel.
* King Jogaila of the Poland – Lithuania union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.
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