Constantius Gallus added inhabitants of Batavia to his legions, " of whose discipline we still make use.

In 351, as a consequence of the difficulty of managing the entire empire alone, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus, the eldest surviving son of Constantius ' half-uncle, Julius Constantius, to the subordinate rank of Caesar, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his cousin's violent and corrupt nature.

Shortly after in 355, Constantius promoted Gallus ' younger half-brother and Constantius ' last surviving cousin, Julian to the rank of Caesar.

The massacre left Constantius, his older brother Constantine II, his younger brother Constans, and three cousins Gallus, Julian and Nepotianus as the only surviving male relatives of Constantine the Great.

However, feeling that the east still required some sort of imperial presence, he elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus to Caesar of the eastern provinces.

In the meantime, Constantius had been receiving some disturbing reports regarding the actions of his cousin Gallus.

Constantius Gallus was a paternal cousin of Constantius.

Constantius then requested the presence of Gallus and Constantina.

However, after some convincing by one of Constantius ’ agents, Gallus continued his journey west, passing through Constantinople and Thrace to Poetovio ( Ptuj ) in Pannonia.

In Poetovio, Gallus was arrested by the soldiers of Constantius under the command of Barbatio.

At first, this so greatly angered Constantius that he immediately ordered Gallus ' execution.

Unfortunately for Gallus, this order was delayed by Eusebius, one of Constantius ‘ eunuchs, and as a result Gallus was executed.

Constantius II ordered the murders of many descendants from the second marriage of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, leaving only Constantius and his brothers Constantine II and Constans I, and their cousins, Julian and Gallus ( Julian's half-brother ), as the surviving males related to Emperor Constantine.

In need of support, in 351 he made Julian's half-brother, Gallus, Caesar of the East, while Constantius II himself turned his attention westward to Magnentius, whom he defeated decisively that year.

Constantius, after his experience with Gallus, intended his representative to be more a figurehead than an active participant in events, so he packed Julian off to Gaul with a small retinue and Constantius ' prefects in Gaul would keep him in check.

* 351 – Constantius II elevates his cousin Gallus to Caesar, and puts him in charge of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.

The beginning of his episcopacy was remarkable for a prodigy by which is related by Socrates, Philostorgius, the chronicle of Alexandria, & c. St. Cyril, an eye-witness wrote immediately to the emperor Constantius, an exact account of this miraculous phenomenon: and his letter is quoted as a voucher for it by Sozomen, Theophanes, Eutychius, John of Nice, Glycas, and others.

His mother was an Arian, sister of Clearchus, also an Arian, and a paternal granddaughter of Gallus ( born c. 370 ), son of Anastasia ( born c. 352 ) and husband, in turn daughter of Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus and wife and cousin Constantina.

Constantius I (; c. 31 March 250 – 25 July 306 ), commonly known as Constantius Chlorus, was Roman Emperor from 293 to 306.

He first appears ( c. 357 ) as a supporter of Acacius, bishop of Caesarea, the leader of that party in the episcopate which supported the Homoean formula by which the emperor Constantius II sought for a compromise between the Homoiousian and the Homoousian.

* Saint Constantius of Perugia ( died c. 170 ), one of the patron saints of Perugia, Italy

* Constantius Africanus, ( c. 1020 – 1085 ), eleventh-century translator of Greek and Islamic medical texts

Britannia Secunda was one of the provinces of Roman Britain in existence by c. 312 AD and probably created as part of the administrative reforms of the Roman Emperor Diocletian after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in 296 AD.

Flavius Martinus was a vicarius of Roman Britain c. 353 under Constantius II.

" Even disciples of Arius, such as George, Bishop of Laodicea ( 335-47 ) and Eustathius of Sebaste ( c. 356-80 ), joined the moderate party, and after the death of Eusebius of Nicomedia, the leaders of the count faction, Ursacius, Valens and Germinius, were not tied to any formula, for Emperor Constantius II himself hated Arianism, though he disliked Athanasius yet more.

Little is known of the appearance of this original church except that it was cross-shaped, but the historian Eusebius ( c. 263 – 339 ) gives the following description of Constantine's mausoleum and the surrounding grounds before Constantius ' church was built:

By Maximian, she had two children, a boy, Maxentius ( c. 277 – 287 ), who was Western Roman Emperor from 306 – 312 and a girl, Fausta ( c. 298 ), who was wife of Constantine the Great, and mother of six children by him, including the Augusti Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans.

Flavia Julia Constantia ( after 293 – c. 330 ) was the daughter of the Roman Emperor Constantius Chlorus and his second wife, Flavia Maximiana Theodora.

The Roman Emperors Constantius II ( 337 – 361 ) and Valens ( 364 – 378 ) were Arians or Semi-Arians.

However, to minimize the extent of the movement ignores the facts that at least two Roman emperors, Constantius II and Valens, became Arians, as did prominent Gothic, Vandal and Lombard warlords both before and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

However, there is no evidence that his son and ultimate successor, Constantius II, who was an Arian Christian, was exiled.

Constantine's son Constantius II, who had become Emperor of the eastern part of the Empire, actually encouraged the Arians and set out to reverse the Nicene creed.

Constantius used his power to exile bishops adhering to the Nicene creed, especially St Athanasius of Alexandria, who fled to Rome.

In 355 Constantius became the sole Emperor and extended his pro-Arian policy toward the western provinces, frequently using force to push through his creed, even exiling Pope Liberius and installing Antipope Felix II.

Constantius wavered in his support between the first and the second party, while harshly persecuting the third.

After Constantius ' death in 361, his successor Julian the Apostate, a devotee of Rome's pagan gods, declared that he would no longer attempt to favor one church faction over another, and allowed all exiled bishops to return ; this had the objective of further increasing dissension among Christians.

The Emperor Valens, however, revived Constantius ' policy and supported the " Homoian " party, exiling bishops and often using force.

However, during the time of Arianism's flowering in Constantinople, the Gothic convert Ulfilas ( later the subject of the letter of Auxentius cited above ) was sent as a missionary to the Gothic barbarians across the Danube, a mission favored for political reasons by emperor Constantius II.

* 317 – Constantius II, Roman emperor ( d. 361 )

* 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnus Magnentius.

He came from Antioch and served under Constantius II and was probably appointed to ensure that nobody with western associations was serving in Britain during a time of mistrust, rebellion and suppression symbolised by the brutal acts of the imperial notary Paulus Catena.

A bust of Emperor Constantius II from Syria. Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes.

Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II ( and possibly Julian the Apostate ) in Gaul and Persia.

He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.

He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Claudius Silvanus, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul.

When Ursicinus lost his office and the favour of Constantius, Ammianus seems to have shared his downfall ; but under Julian, Constantius's successor, he regained his position.

Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, however, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage ; like all ancient writers he was skilled in rhetoric, and this shows in his work.

* 355 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.

Antipope Felix II was installed as Pope in 355 after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe the sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.

In May 357 the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius, who was on a visit to Rome, should recall Liberius.

He continued to lead the conflict against the Arians for the rest of his life and was engaged in theological and political struggles against the Emperors Constantine the Great and Constantius II and powerful and influential Arian churchmen, led by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others.

Shortly thereafter, however, Constantine's son, the new Roman Emperor Constantius II, renewed the order for Athanasius ' banishment in 338.