Consumer surplus is the difference between the value of a good to a consumer and the price the consumer must pay in the market to purchase it.

Consumer surplus or consumers ' surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

Consumer surplus is thus the definite integral of the demand function with respect to price, minus the definite integral of the constant function D ( P )= Q < sub > mkt </ sub > ( i. e. P < sub > mkt </ sub > Q < sub > mkt </ sub >), from the market price to the maximum reservation price ( i. e. the price-intercept of the demand function ):

Consumer surplus is the area between the price line and the demand curve.

Consumer X is left with no consumer surplus, while Consumer Y is left with area B.

* Consumer surplus

* Consumer surplus

Consumer surplus can be calculated differently for software products than for other products.

-- Consumer spending edged down in April after rising for two consecutive months, the Government reported.

A prototype of the full computer was shown to the public for the first time at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in 1984.

Due to the acquisition of the Atari Consumer Division by Jack Tramiel in 1984, a number of planned peripherals for the system were canceled.

In a glowing review for his " Consumer Guide " column published by The Village Voice, Robert Christgau wrote: " Before minstrelsy scholar Eric Lott gets too excited about having his title stolen.

In addition, because biomedical engineers often develop devices and technologies for " consumer " use, such as physical therapy devices ( which are also " medical " devices ), these may also be governed in some respects by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Consumer and some commercial printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs ; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document.

While there are self-contained departments for the creation of arcade, pachinko and pachislo, online, and mobile games, the Consumer Games R & D Division instead is an amalgamation of subsections in charge of various game development stages.

Together with the Austrian Ministry for Social Security, Generations and Consumer Protection, the Justice Ministry opened the discussion with a conference held in Vienna in June, 2005.

In India, the Consumer Protection Act 1986 clearly differentiates a consumer as consuming a commodity or service either for his personal domestic use or to earn his livelihood.

Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern.

The online Britannica won the 2005 Codie award for " Best Online Consumer Information Service "; the Codie awards are granted yearly by the Software and Information Industry Association to recognise the best products among categories of software.

In Australia, Trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online, and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong.

The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame inducted him in 2000, " in recognition of his contributions and pioneering spirit that have laid the foundation for consumer electronics.

The H. J. Heinz Company (), commonly known as Heinz and famous for its " 57 Varieties " slogan and its ketchup, is a U. S Consumer packaged goods company with world headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The report was disputed by representatives of the Consumer Federation of America, the National Fair Housing Alliance, the National Consumer Law Center, and the Center for Economic Justice, for relying on data provided by the insurance industry.

A new advertising campaign was aired in time for the 1982 Christmas season, and the ECS itself was shown to the public at the January 1983 Consumer Electronic Show ( CES ) in Las Vegas.

According to Consumer Reports, the most common large size configuration for the 2011 model year was 7 passenger seating.

* Philips Consumer Products, Guildford provides sales and marketing for televisions, including High Definition televisions, DVD recorders, hi-fi and portable audio, CD recorders, PC peripherals, cordless telephones, home and kitchen appliances, personal care ( shavers, hair dryers, body beauty and oral hygiene ).

Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with the less toxic substitute, titanium white ( titanium dioxide ), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission.

* Consumer / lifestyle public relations – gaining publicity for a particular product or service, rather than using advertising

GE then sold the rights to make RCA-and GE-branded televisions and other consumer electronics products in 1988 to the French Thomson Consumer Electronics, in exchange for some of Thomson's medical businesses.

This now-discontinued ISR practice was informally labeled a scam and a fraud, and the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs issued a violation against ISR for engaging in a deceptive trade practice.

Also part of PSEB is the Autodesk Consumer Product Group, which was created in November 2010 to generate interest in 3-D design and “ foster a new wave of designers who hunger for sophisticated software .” The products from the group include 123D, Fluid FX, Homestyler, Pixlr, and SketchBook.

Consumer can freely download software in smart phone or use web widget to check drug-drug interaction.

Consumer outcry against software incompatibility has prompted portable music player manufacturers such as Apple and Creative to support multiple formats.

In 1995, the Software and Information Industry Association listed SimTower as the " Best Simulation Program " in the Consumer software category of their annual CODiE awards.

Consumer online backup companies frequently have beta software offerings and / or free-trial backup services with fewer live support options.

The shared-platform Toyota 4Runner passed the test, and while Consumer Reports said it knew of no actual incidents, it recommended a software fix.

Consumer Safety Officers, more commonly called Investigators, are the individuals who inspect production and warehousing facilities, investigate complaints, illnesses, or outbreaks, and review documentation in the case of medical devices, drugs, biological products, and other items where it may be difficult to conduct a physical examination or take a physical sample of the product.

Consumer groups argue that statutes of repose on consumer goods provide a disincentive for manufacturers to build durable products and to notify consumers of product defects as the manufacturers become aware of them.

Consumer products like this have been using firmware since the 1970s.

* Consumer products:

Consumer products include direct product sale of chemicals such as soaps, detergents, and cosmetics.

One magazine devoted to providing consumers with accurate reviews of products is Consumer Reports, not to be confused with Consumers Digest.

Prior to E3, most game publishers went to other trade shows to display new products, including the Consumer Electronics Show and the European Computer Trade Show.

* The Consumer Advocate Lady is a dour, austere woman who rigidly inspects and tests products for their alleged value.

In 1993, Aldus bought After Hours Software and incorporated its products, TouchBase Pro and DateBook Pro, into the Aldus Consumer Division.

* Mobile Multimedia Communication: Consumer, multimedia, wireless and wireline products.

Product markets tend to focus on the comparison of sellers ' products with other sellers ' products-the adversarial process itself making trustworthy information, e. g. as published in Consumer Reports or the Better Business Bureau, hard to compile and to obtain.

In Australia, where the same products were on sale, GlaxoSmithKline issued a statement one week before the New Zealand court case confirming labelling discrepancies on its Ready to Drink range to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, and undertook to remove all references to vitamin C from its labels.

Consumer products such as toys and cosmetics may contain phthalates or parabens, which disrupt androgen synthesis.

* Consumer Goods and perishables, such as fruit and dairy products

Consumer products such as baby alarms have been available at least since 1940.

Not open to the public, the Consumer Electronics Association-sponsored show typically hosts previews of products and new product announcements.

The Consumer Business Unit markets voice products and services, internet and television, both on fixed and mobile networks, for residential clients.

* Consumer products

The Consumer Consultative Panel, in December 2009 said that they were unable to function for almost a year because officials ignored requests for meetings and " we believe it is unacceptable that the board of the financial regulation section has failed to take responsibility for their stewardship of the organisation during the last six years. They did not understand many of the sectors and financial products it regulates.

In June 2008, the German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety suspended the registration of eight neonicotinoid pesticide seed treatment products used in oilseed rape ( canola ) and sweetcorn, a few weeks after honeybee keepers in the southern state of Baden Württemberg reported a wave of honeybee deaths linked to one of the pesticides, clothianidin.

Additionally, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Consumer Reports, and the trade website ApplianceAdvisor. com, have released statements claiming that Energy Star test procedures contained loopholes that allow many inefficient products to receive Energy Star labels.

All claims about the organic status of products sold in Australia are covered under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.