Her father was Czech Jewish and her mother was Austrian-Slovene Catholic — she was Ludwig's maternal grandparent and only non-Jewish grandparent, whose ancestry was Austrian < ref >

A further 16 — Austria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine — have signed but not yet ratified it.

Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest known shamans — dating back to the Upper Paleolithic era in what is now the Czech Republic — were women.

The names of Silesia in the different languages most likely share their etymology — Latin and English: Silesia ; Polish: Śląsk ; Old Polish: Ślążsk ; Silesian: Ślůnsk ; German: Schlesien ; Silesian German: Schläsing ; Czech: Slezsko ; Slovak: Sliezsko ; Kashubian: Sląsk ; Upper Sorbian: Šleska ; Lower Sorbian: Šlazyńska.

* Medovina — Czech, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Bosnian and Slovak for mead.

Most Czech sources since the 19th century — encyclopedias, general histories, materials of the University itself — prefer to give 1348 as the year of the founding of the university, rather than 1347 or 1349.

The council ended in 1418, solving the Schism and — of great consequence to Sigismund's future career — having the Czech religious reformer, Jan Hus, burned at the stake for heresy in July 1415.

The turn of the 20th century marked a profound shift in Czech literature — after nearly a century of work, literature finally freed itself from the confines of needing to educate and serve the nation and spread Czech culture, and became literature simply for the sake of art.

The interwar period, coinciding with the First Republic, is one of the apogees of Czech literature — the new state brought with it a plurality of thinking, religion, and philosophy, leading to a great flowering of literature and culture.

The first major theme of the interwar period was the war — the inhumanity, violence, and terror, but also the heroic actions of the Czech Legion ( Rudolf Medek, Josef Kopta, František Langer, Jaroslav Hašek ).

The German protectorate and World War II left its mark on Czech literature — many of the authors of the interwar generations did not survive or went into exile.

The fall of communism in 1989 marked another break in Czech literature — plurality and freedom returned.

* Czech — Kubišta, Bohumil: Pierrot ( 1911 ).

* Czech — Martinů, Bohuslav: " Pierrot's Serenade ", from Marionettes, III ( c. 1913, pub.

* Czech — Václav Patejdl: Grand Pierrot ( 1995 ; rock musical ).

A Czech agent — Paul Thümmel — was arrested by Heydrich, but Canaris intervened to save him, claiming he was a double agent actually working for Abwehr.

Some articles published in Tribuna were later incorporated into books Z deníku žurnalistova (" Of the Journalist's Diary ") and above all Jací jsme (" What we are like ") — in this book Peroutka mapped some myths about the Czech nation.

In Bohemia, a part of the Holy Roman Empire then controlled by the Jagellonian monarchs, a guldiner was minted — of similar physical size but slightly less fineness — that was named the Joachimsthaler from the silver mined by the Counts of Schlick at a rich source near Joachimsthal ( St. Joachim's Valley, Jáchymov ) ( now in the Czech Republic ) where Thal ( Tal ) means " valley " in German.

* 1674 – František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect, designed the Veltrusy Mansion ( d. 1766 )

* 1731 – František Xaver Dušek, Czech composer ( d. 1799 )

* 1924 – František Vláčil, Czech film director, painter, and graphic artist ( d. 1999 )

* 1732 – František Brixi, Czech classical composer ( d. 1771 )

* 1766 – František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect ( b. 1674 )

In 1893, the Czech violinist, František Ondříček, persuaded Paganini's grandson, Attila, to allow a viewing of the violinist's body.

* 1927 – František Šťastný, Czech motorcycle racer ( d. 2000 )

Part of this research benefited from the knowledge already expounded on in a book ( printed in German in 1794, in Czech in 1801 ), written by František Ondřej Poupě ( Ger: Franz Andreas Paupie ) ( 1753 – 1805 ) from Brno.

* 1694 – František Václav Míča, Czech conductor and composer ( d. 1744 )

* July 20 – František Plánička, Czech footballer ( b. 1904 )

* May 26 – František Palacký, Czech historian and politician ( b. 1798 )

* September 4 – František Vladislav Hek, Czech patriot ( b. 1769 )

* June 14 – František Palacký, Czech historian and politician ( d. 1876 )

* July 14 – František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect ( b. 1674 )

* December 8 – František Xaver Dušek, Czech composer ( d. 1799 )

z. a n .) was issued, named for its initiator professor of physiology František Mareš, determining that the Czech university was to be the successor to the original university.

* August 9 – František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect ( d. 1766 )

Czech cultural historian and ethnographer Čeněk Zíbrt, who wrote in detail about the origin of the dance, in his book, Jak se kdy v Čechách tancovalo cites an opinion of František Doucha ( 1840, Květy, p. 400 ) that " polka " was supposed to mean " tanec na polo " ( n. b. the absence of diacritics ), i. e., " a dance in half ", both referring to the half-tempo 2 / 4 and the half-jump step of the dance.

spisy I, 256 ) in the area of Hradec Králové, the tune Krakoviáky from the collection Slovanské národní písně of František Ladislav Čelakovský became very popular so that it was used to dance ( Czech dances ) třasák, břitva kvapík, and this way was called " Polka ".

František Palacký and Pavel Jozef Šafárik took up the challenge of reexamining Czech history.

This playful lullaby was collected in Moravia by František Sušil ( 1804 – 1868 ), a priest and an activist of Czech national revival.

František knew Czech, but for business and social reasons rarely used it, and his children were ignorant of it until much later in their lives.

Smetana had virtually no precursors in Czech opera apart from František Škroup, whose works had rarely lasted beyond one or two performances.