DNA sequence analysis indicated that Liliales should be divided into at least Liliales, Asparagales and Dioscoreales.

The order is clearly circumscribed on the basis of DNA sequence analysis, but is difficult to define morphologically, since its members are structurally diverse.

In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny of flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants.

However, its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been to describe the application of computer science and information sciences to the analysis of biological data, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing.

Most current genome annotation systems work similarly, but the programs available for analysis of genomic DNA, such as the GeneMark program trained and used to find protein-coding genes in Haemophilus influenzae, are constantly changing and improving.

For example, promoter analysis involves the identification and study of sequence motifs in the DNA surrounding the coding region of a gene.

Some systems have proposed as many as 90 subspecies, while recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five clades.

DNA analysis recently revealed that the identified subspecies of brown bears, both Eurasian and North American, are genetically quite homogeneous, and that their genetic phylogeography does not correspond to their traditional taxonomy.

Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes the Bubonic plague, although these were different, previously unknown ancestral variants of those identified in the 20th century.

1 ) Through faecal DNA analysis, estimate the genetic diversity of the remaining wild bongo and calculate the relatedness of the isolated wild populations.

2 ) More accurately estimate the total population of wild bongo through faecal DNA analysis, camera trapping and transect surveying.

DNA sequencing analysis indicates that the blue whale is phylogenetically closer to the sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis ) and Bryde's whale ( Balaenoptera brydei ) than to other Balaenoptera species, and closer to the humpback whale ( Megaptera ) and the gray whale ( Eschrichtius ) than to the minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis ).

Recent DNA analysis shows that Canini ( dogs ) and Vulpini ( foxes ) are valid clades ( see phylogeny below ).

Based on the analysis of the DNA polymerase the genus Dinodnavirus may be a member of the family Asfarviridae.

African elephants have traditionally been classified as a single species comprising two distinct subspecies, namely the savanna elephant ( Loxodonta africana africana ) and the forest elephant ( Loxodonta africana cyclotis ), but recent DNA analysis suggests that these may actually constitute distinct species.

However, in 2009, this hypothesis was disproved when DNA analysis identified the Falkland Island wolf's closest living relative as the Maned Wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus )— an unusually long-legged, fox-like South American canid, from which it separated about 6. 7 million years ago.

Recent DNA analysis have revealed that Y chromosomes, tracing male descent, are 87 % Scandinavian.

Franklin's X-ray diffraction data for DNA and her systematic analysis of DNA's structural features was useful to Watson and Crick in guiding them towards a correct molecular model.

Because a person's DNA contains information that has been passed down relatively unchanged from early ancestors, analysis of DNA is sometimes used for genealogical research.

Wild population estimates vary ; one estimate shows that there are about 1, 590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2, 000 to 3, 000.

Also known as a genotypic assay, techniques include PCR, DNA fragment analysis, allele specific oligonucleotide ( ASO ) probes, DNA sequencing, and nucleic acid hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads.

DNA fragment analysis can also be used to determine such disease causing genetics aberrations as microsatellite instability ( MSI ), trisomy or aneuploidy, and loss of heterozygosity ( LOH ).

This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

Recent DNA analysis indicates certain rorquals of the family Balaenopteridae, such as the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, and fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus, are more closely related to the gray whale than they are to some other rorquals, such as the minke whales.

DNA testing indicates resident males nearly always mate with females from other pods.

Arrows indicates chromosomal breakages due to DNA damage

Hybridization of the probe to a specific DNA fragment on the filter membrane indicates that this fragment contains DNA sequence that is complementary to the probe.

An insulator in a DNA sequence is comparable to a linguistic word divider such as a comma (,) in a sentence, because the insulator indicates where an enhanced or repressed sequence ends.

A 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of 12th to 13th century Islamic remains from Priego de Córdoba, Spain, indicates a higher proportion ( 4 %) of sub-Saharan African lineages.

Although Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae were placed in a broadly-defined Santalaceae by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, DNA data indicates that they evolved independently.

A recent extraction of DNA from Neanderthal bones indicates that Neanderthals had the same version ( allele ) of the FOXP2 gene as modern humans.

DNA analysis indicates Cabernet Franc is one of two parents of Cabernet Sauvignon, a cross between it and Sauvignon Blanc.

Two other reptiles, the common side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, and the southern alligator lizard Elgaria multicarinatus, were at one time thought to be endemic, but an analysis of mitochondrial DNA indicates that both species were most likely introduced in recent times.

Recent DNA evidence indicates these deer are not as closely related as previously thought, resulting in the creation of new species and genera.

DNA sequencing indicates that multicellular choanoflagellates and poriferans are sister groups, both descended from the same eukaryotic clade.

DNA analysis indicates that, while the African linsangs ( Poiana ) are true viverrids closely related to the genets, the Asiatic linsangs ( Prionodon ) are not and are the closest living relatives of the Felidae family.

When missing service personnel are recovered and cannot be identified after a thorough forensic examination ( including such methods as DNA testing and comparison of dental records ) the remains are interred with a tombstone which indicates their unknown status.

Dukhat's facial hair indicates that, like Delenn, he is a descendant of Valen ; most Minbari do not have any hair, and the gene for hair comes from Valen's DNA.

No clear morphological features characterize all of the Cyatheales, but DNA sequence data indicates that the order is monophyletic.

However, mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes indicates that it might belong to a very distinct and ancient " duck " clade, together with Hartlaub's Duck, another African species of uncertain affinities.

Morphological analyses, supported by recent chloroplast DNA analysis, indicates that the Crypteroniaceae are most closely related to four small Myrtales families, Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, and Rhynchocalycaceae of southern Africa, and Alzateaceae of Central and South America.

While preliminary genetic testing with non-nuclear DNA indicates a close relationship with the eastern chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) subspecies of the common chimpanzee, a range of behaviors that are more closely related to those of gorillas have greatly intrigued primatologists from around the globe.

There is a decondensation of the plant's chromatin, which indicates increased transcription of the plant's DNA in arbuscule-containing cells.