Maps based on scientific principles had been made since the time of Eratosthenes ( 3rd century BC ), but Ptolemy improved projections.

That alternative route, different from the theoretical eastward route, was based on calculations of the Earth's circumference made by Columbus which showed the measurement to be substantially less than the classic 10, 000 mile figure given by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC.

His influence on the historiography of Athens was considerable, lasting until the time of Eratosthenes ( 3rd century BC ).

Several works among the best known during this long period could be cited as an example, from Strabo ( Geography ), Eratosthenes ( Geography ) or Dionisio Periegetes ( Periegesis Oiceumene ) in the Ancient Age to the Alexander von Humboldt ( Cosmos ) in the century XIX, in which geography is regarded as a physical and natural science, of course, through the work Summa de Geografía of Martín Fernández de Enciso from the early sixteenth century, which is indicated for the first time the New World.

Cyrene was the birthplace of Eratosthenes and there are a number of philosophers associated with the city including Aristippus, the founder of the School of Cyrene, and his successor daughter Arete, Callimachus, Carneades, Ptolemais of Cyrene, and Synesius, a bishop of Ptolemais in the 4th century AD.

Posidonius was informed in his approach to finding the Earth's circumference by Eratosthenes, who a century earlier used the elevation of the sun at different latitudes to arrive at a figure of 250, 000 stadia ( which he rounded to 252, 000 so that it would be divisible by 60 ).

* Chronicle ( Χρονικά ), a Greek history in verse from the fall of Troy in the 12th century BC to roughly 143 BC ( although later it was extended as far as 109 BC ), and based on previous works by Eratosthenes of Cyrene.

The work survives in an epitome assembled at the end of the 1st century CE, based on a lost original, with a possible relation to work of Eratosthenes that is now hard to pinpoint ; thus the author is alluded to as Pseudo-Eratosthenes.

As noted in the book Huai Nan Zu, in the 2nd Century BC Chinese astronomers effectively inverted Eratosthenes ' calculation of the curvature of the Earth to calculate the height of the sun above the earth.

The Earth's circumference was first determined around 240 BC by Eratosthenes.

* Eratosthenes 276 – 194 BC, ancient Greece

* 1184 BC – Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned, according to calculations by Eratosthenes.

* Eratosthenes ( 276194 BC ), who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size.

Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194 – 1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.

Ephorus gives 1135 BC, Sosibius 1172 BC, Eratosthenes 1184 BC / 1183 BC, Timaeus 1193 BC, the Parian marble 1209 BC / 1208 BC, Dicaearchus 1212 BC, Herodotus around 1250 BC, Eretes 1291 BC, while Douris 1334 BC.

Ancient Greek historians variously placed the Trojan War in the 12th, 13th, or 14th centuries BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, Duris of Samos to 1334 BC.

* Eratosthenes ( c. 276 – 194 BC ), Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer

Controversy over Arianism arose in the late 3rd century and persisted throughout most of the 4th century.

1600 BC, with a history as a tribe that may have gone back to the prehistoric Hellenic immigration in the late 3rd millennium BC.

Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions.

It was only later that tin was used, becoming the sole type of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC.

Large numbers of Bastarnae were resettled within the empire in the late 3rd century.

On the other hand, the Bastarnae maintained a separate name-identity into the late 3rd century AD, possibly implying retention of their Germanic cultural heritage, distinctive in the lower Danube, until the arrival of the Goths.

Claudius II was the first of a sequence of military emperors ( the so-called " Illyrian emperors " from their main ethnic origin ) who restored order in the empire in the late 3rd century.

The earliest evidence, anywhere in the world, for a crank and connecting rod in a machine appears in the late Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the 3rd century AD and two Roman stone sawmills at Gerasa, Roman Syria, and Ephesus, Asia Minor ( both 6th century AD ).

The transition from the European Copper Age to Bronze Age Europe occurs about the same time, between the late 5th and the late 3rd millennia BC.

The Church of Rome continued to use an 84-year lunisolar calendar cycle from the late 3rd century until 457.

In the late 3rd century, by the end of the epoch of the barracks emperors in Rome, there were two Britannic Emperors, reigning for about a decade.

In Caesarea, Origenist thought was continued in the generation after his death by Theotecnus, bishop of the city for much of the late 3rd century and an alumnus of Origen's school.

Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since around the late 3rd millennium BC.

The Punic Wars of the late 3rd century BCE – in particular the near-catastrophic defeat of Roman arms at Cannae – had long lasting effects on the Republic, its citizen armies, and the development of the gladiatorial munera.

The terminus ad quem, or latest possible date, for Luke is bound by the earliest papyri manuscripts that contains portions of Luke ( late 2nd / early 3rd century )< ref > P < sup > 4 </ sup >, P < sup > 45 </ sup >, P < sup > 69 </ sup >, P < sup > 75 </ sup >, and P < sup > 111 </ sup ></ ref > and the mid to late 2nd century writings that quote or reference Luke.

Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.

Scottish politics in the late 18th century was dominated by the Whigs, with the benign management of Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll ( 1682 – 1761 ), who was in effect the " viceroy of Scotland " from the 1720s until his death in 1761.

A shrine, the Homereion, was devoted to him in Alexandria by Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BC.

7 ), dated to the late 3rd or early 4th century CE, Hecate Ereschigal is invoked against fear of punishment in the afterlife.

Phoenicians of the late 3rd millennium BC may have entered the area, but no settlements resulted.

The Sumerian civilization spanned over 3000 years and began with the first settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period ( mid-6th millennium BC ) through the Uruk period ( 4th millennium BC ) and the Early Dynastic periods ( 3rd millennium BC ) until the rise of Assyria and Babylonia in the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC respectively.

Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material, the definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of Apollonius of Rhodes in his epic poem Argonautica, written in Alexandria in the late 3rd century BC.

Now, he was just in the late poems of Holderlin and therefore had most of the nineteenth century before him -- plus next semester's class preparation.

The tradition reached its apex, perhaps, in the works of Thomas Nelson Page toward the end of the century, and reappeared undiminished as late as 1934 in the best-selling novel So Red The Rose, by Stark Young.

That is, there was no trace of Anglo-Saxons in Britain as early as the late third century, to which time the archaeological evidence for the erection of the Saxon Shore forts was beginning to point.

It is after the late seventeenth century.

I say the late seventeenth century because Racine ( whom Lessing did not really know ) stands on the far side of the chasm.

Of majestic build, rubicund and slash-mouthed, he resembled the late General Winfield Scott, who was said to be the most imposing general of his century, if not of all centuries.

a schematic, abstract treatment of men and animals, by intent, rose only in the late eighth century.

The severe yet harmonious vases of the previous fifty years, the Strong Geometric style of the late ninth century, display as firm a mastery of the principles underlying Geometric pottery ; ;

`` The attempt to save the Square's historic value '', he declares, `` came half a century too late ''.

But plain old bean soup, served daily since the turn of the century ( at the insistence of the late Sen. Fred Dubois of Idaho ), made clear to the citizenry that the Senate's stomach was in the right place.

In one thing the higher critics, like the modernists, however, overreached themselves, in claiming that the Gospel of John was not written in John's time but well after the first century, perhaps as late as 150 A.D..

Still others sprang up late in the century to meet conditions which arose from fresh stages of the revolutionary age.

The original impulses came to England late ( in the sixteenth century ) and continue strong long after everyone else had gone on to the baroque basso continuo, sonatas, operas and the like.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

In the late 17th century, Guru Gobind Singh Ji ( the tenth guru in Sikhism ), was in war with the Moghul rulers to protect the people of different faiths, when a fellow Sikh, Bhai Kanhaiya, attended the troops of the enemy.

As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

There was a tendency in late eighteenth century Enlightenment thought to understand human society as natural phenomena that behaved according to certain principles and that could be observed empirically.

The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem, Roman Thysdrus, he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo, though now even a god's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak, a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire.

This system of ' counter casting ' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century.

The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.