In 1989, a group of European and American scholars in the field of anthropology established the European Association of Social Anthropologists ( EASA ) which serves as a major professional organization for anthropologists working in Europe.

Other anti-war demonstrations were organized by the antiglobalization movement: see for example the large demonstration, organized against the impending war in Iraq, which closed the first European Social Forum in November, 2002 in Florence, Italy.

: See main articles: Social forum, European Social Forum, Asian Social Forum, World Social Forum.

The first European Social Forum ( ESF ) was held in November 2002 in Florence.

* Holger Nehring, ' National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957 – 1964 ', Contemporary European History, 14, No. 4 ( 2006 )

The Conservative Party has campaigned against entry to the European Monetary Union and the Social chapter.

In November 2002 the city was the place of birth of the first edition of the European Social Forum.

Encyclopedia of European Social History ( 6 vol 2000 ), 3000 pp

Until 1991, President Mauno Koivisto and two of the three major parties, Center Party and the Social Democrats opposed the idea of European Union membership and preferred entering into the European Economic Area treaty.

* European Social Charter ( ESC ), and Revised Social Charter

* European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion ( 2010 ): Industrial Relations in Europe 2010.

After England, Germany was the first European country to pass labour laws ; Chancellor Bismarck's main goal being to undermine the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ).

" The Corporatist Character of Bismarck's Social Policy ," European History Quarterly, Oct 1981 ; vol.

European Journal of Social Psychology, 42 ( 2 ), 150-163.

Alcohol, Gender and Culture ( European Association of Social Anthropologists ) ( 1992 )

In the preliminary elections of the Social Democrats Halonen ran against Pertti Paasio, a member of the European Parliament and former party chairman, and Jacob Söderman, the European Ombudsman.

A number of other countries, including Japan, Canada, Germany, and various multilateral organizations, such as the Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific, the UN Development Programme, the Asian Development Bank, the European Economic Community, and the Commonwealth Development Corporation also provide developmental aid.

Basing its electoral majority largely on the Catholic countryside, the party originally supported governments based on liberal-conservative political positions, then to move into centre-left coalitions by European standards, despite some disbandaments to the right, such as the short-lived government led by Fernando Tambroni in 1960, relying on parliamentary support from the Italian Social Movement, the post-Fascist party.

In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment.

A recent example is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that failed to be ratified.

Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union protects against double jeopardy.

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML ) is a European treaty ( CETS 148 ) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.

Furthermore, Greek is officially recognized as a minority language in parts of Italy and Albania, as well as in Armenia, Romania and Ukraine as a regional or minority language in the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

* Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

* European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML )

* European Charter for Researchers

In 2001, the European Union explicitly banned racism, along with many other forms of social discrimination, in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the legal effect of which, if any, would necessarily be limited to Institutions of the European Union: " Article 21 of the charter prohibits discrimination on any ground such as race, color, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, disability, age or sexual orientation and also discrimination on the grounds of nationality.

Similarly, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, codified into law applicable to European Union countries by the passage civil lawsuit, is said to have accrued when the event beginning its time limitation occurs.

Likewise, the concept of tradition has been used to defend the preservation and reintroduction of minority languages such as Cornish under the auspices of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

* Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000

It was a predecessor of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the United States Bill of Rights, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.

In Europe, the European Union's Employment Equality Framework Directive and Charter of Fundamental Rights offer some protection against sexuality-based discrimination.

Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1991, but has not ratified it so far.

Article 4 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits torture.

* The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2000 ) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights.

Several dialects of Low Saxon ( Nedersaksisch in Dutch ) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Some collectors may specialize in specific fields ( such as Nobel Prize winners ) or general topics ( military leaders participating in World War I ) or specific documents ( i. e., signers of the Charter of the United Nations ; signers of the U. S. Constitution ; signers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence ; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union ; signers of the World War II German or Japanese surrender documents ).

I was having lunch not long ago ( apologies to N. V. Peale ) with three distinguished historians ( one specializing in the European Middle Ages, one in American history, and one in the Far East ), and I asked them if they could name instances where the general mores had been radically changed with `` deliberate speed, majestic instancy '' ( Francis Thompson's words for the Hound Of Heaven's Pursuit ) by judicial fiat.

Because of its wealth of experience, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation could help with the initial studies needed.

The movement toward European unity has been expressed in two currents: federalism and functionalism, one looking to the constitution of a United States of Europe, the other building on wartime precedents of practical cooperation for the solution of specific problems.

In 1947 and 1948 the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of American aid under the Marshall Plan.

For a time it appeared that a common European army might be created, but the project for a European Defense Community was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954.

In 1957 the social-economic approach to European integration was capped by the formation among `` the Six '' of a tariff-free European Common Market, and Euratom for cooperation in the development of atomic energy.

It is well to bear in mind that gasoline will cost from $.80 to $.90 for the equivalent of a United States gallon and while you might prefer a familiar Ford, Chevrolet or even a Cadillac, which are available in some countries, it is probably wiser to choose the smaller European makes which average thirty, thirty-five and even forty miles to the gallon.

In the majority of countries, however, the rates range from $3.00 to $3.50 a day for the smaller sedans and graduate up to $7.00 and $8.00 a day for the larger, luxury European models, with the rate per kilometer driven starting at $.03 and going up as high as $.12.

Rates for American cars are somewhat higher, ranging from about $8.00 a day up to $14.00 a day for a Chevrolet Convertible, but the rate per kilometer driven is roughly the same as for the larger European models.

Then, too, European drivers have reputations for being somewhat crazy on the road and some Americans are not particularly keen on getting mixed up with them.

Since most European cars average more miles per gallon of gasoline than American cars, it naturally follows that the cost per kilometer for these models will be less, but the greater seating capacity of the large American cars will equalize this, provided your group is sufficiently large to fill a 7-passenger limousine.

On the one hand, the major European nations had to maintain vis-a-vis each other an emphasis upon sovereignty, independence, formal equality -- thus insuring for themselves individually an optimal freedom of action to maintain the `` flexibility of alignment '' that the system required and to avoid anything approaching a repetition of the disastrous Napoleonic experience.

Hall, for example, was quite explicit on this point when he said states outside European civilization must formally enter into the circle of law-governed countries.

These deerskins were the raw material for the manufacture of leather, and were the only articles which the tribes of this district had to exchange for European goods.

Although Tylor undertook a field trip to Mexico, both he and Frazer derived most of the material for their comparative studies through extensive reading, not fieldwork, mainly the Classics ( literature and history of Greece and Rome ), the work of the early European folklorists, and reports from missionaries, travelers, and contemporaneous ethnologists.

Since many European typewriters placed the parentheses with 8 and 9, those corresponding positions were chosen for the parentheses.

European alphabets, especially Latin and Cyrillic, have been adapted for many languages of Asia.