This Fermi gas model was then used by the British physicist E. C. Stoner in 1929 to calculate the relationship among the mass, radius, and density of white dwarfs, assuming them to be homogenous spheres.

* Fermi, E. " Taylor instability of incompressible liquids ", Los Alamos National Laboratory ( through predecessor agency Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, ( September 1951 ).

* Fermi, E. " The Future of Atomic Energy ", United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission, ( May 1946 ).

* Fermi, E., Pasta, J.

From left to right: Top row-Archimedes, Aristotle, Alhazen | Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ; Second row-Isaac Newton, James Hutton, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel ; Third row-Louis Pasteur, James Clerk Maxwell, Henri Poincaré, Sigmund Freud, Nikola Tesla, Max Planck ; Fourth row-Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi ; Bottom row-J. Robert Oppenheimer, Alan Turing, Richard Feynman, E. O. Wilson, Jane Goodall, Stephen Hawking

If the bias is small, we can let U − E ≈ φM in the expression for κ, where φM, the work function, gives the minimum energy needed to bring an electron from an occupied level, the highest of which is at the Fermi level ( for metals at T = 0 kelvins ), to vacuum level.

One can sum the probability over energies between E < sub > f </ sub > − eV and E < sub > f </ sub > to get the number of states available in this energy range per unit volume, thereby finding the local density of states ( LDOS ) near the Fermi level.

where ρ < sub > s </ sub >( 0, E < sub > f </ sub >) is the LDOS near the Fermi level of the sample at the sample surface.

Simple Band Diagram with denoted vacuum energy E < sub > VAC </ sub >, conduction band E < sub > C </ sub >, Fermi energy E < sub > F </ sub >, valence band E < sub > V </ sub >, electron affinity E < sub > ea </ sub >, work function Φ and band gap E < sub > g </ sub >

E < sub > F </ sub >-E < sub > G </ sub >, where ( as above ) E < sub > G </ sub > denotes the Fermi level of the Earth.

The central task of basic semiconductor physics is to establish formulas for the position of the Fermi level E < sub > F </ sub > relative to the energy levels

Doping introduces additional electron energy levels into the band gap, that may or may not be populated by electrons, dependent on circumstances and temperature, and causes the Fermi level E < sub > F </ sub > to shift from the energy level ( relative to the band structure ) that it would have had in the absence of doping.

This energy level that the Fermi level has in the absence of doping is called the intrinsic Fermi level ( or " intrinsic level ") and is usually denoted by the symbol E < sub > i </ sub >.

The Fermi energy ( E < sub > F </ sub >) of a system of non-interacting fermions is the increase in the ground state energy when exactly one particle is added to the system.

where E < sub > F </ sub > is the Fermi energy, k is the Boltzmann constant and T is temperature.

One model that estimates the properties of an electron gas at absolute zero in metals is the Fermi gas.

The maximum energy that an electrons can have at absolute zero is called the Fermi energy.

The Fermi temperature is defined as this maximum energy divided by Boltzmann's constant, and is of the order of 80, 000 K for typical electron densities found in metals.

For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero.

Note that the above formula is only applicable to classical ideal gases and not Bose – Einstein or Fermi gases.

In the classical limit, i. e. at large values of or at small density of states — when wave functions of particles practically do not overlap — both the Bose – Einstein or Fermi – Dirac distribution become the Boltzmann distribution.

At sufficiently low temperatures, electrons near the Fermi surface become unstable against the formation of Cooper pairs.

The BCS theory gives an expression that shows how the gap grows with the strength of the attractive interaction and the ( normal phase ) single particle density of states at the Fermi energy.

Furthermore, it describes how the density of states is changed on entering the superconducting state, where there are no electronic states any more at the Fermi energy.

BCS theory relates the value of the critical field at zero temperature to the value of the transition temperature and the density of states at the Fermi energy.

: Here N ( 0 ) is the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy.

* L. N. Cooper, " Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas ", Phys.

Baryons are strongly interacting fermions — that is, they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi − Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.

Russian physicist Lev Landau used the idea for the Fermi liquid theory wherein low energy properties of interacting fermion systems were given in terms of what are now known as Landau-quasiparticles.

The green curve uses the general pressure law for an ideal Fermi gas, while the blue curve is for a non-relativistic ideal Fermi gas.

In 1930, Stoner derived the internal energy-density equation of state for a Fermi gas, and was then able to treat the mass-radius relationship in a fully relativistic manner, giving a limiting mass of approximately ( for μ < sub > e </ sub >= 2. 5 ) 2. 19 · 10 < sup > 30 </ sup > kg.

Besides attending the classes, Enrico Fermi found the time to work on his extracurricular activities, particularly with the help of his friend Enrico Persico, who remained in Rome to attend the university.

After his promotion in 1935, Dunning became the central figure at Columbia on neutron research, and his activities complemented those of Enrico Fermi in Italy.

After his difficult time with beta decay, Fermi decided to enter into experimental physics, using the newly discovered neutron, which could be made from an alpha decay source and beryllium.

In this case, the first experimental atomic reactors would have run away to a dangerous and messy " prompt critical reaction " before their operators could have manually shut them down ( for this reason, designer Enrico Fermi included radiation-counter-triggered control rods, suspended by electromagnets, which could automatically drop into the center of Chicago Pile-1 ).

** An experimental Reactor at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station suffered a partial meltdown when its cooling system failed.

This built on work done by Fermi and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942 which created the world's first experimental nuclear reactor Chicago Pile-1 and the first sustained nuclear reaction on December 2, 1942.

It was designed and built by DuPont based on an experimental design by Enrico Fermi, and originally operated at 250 megawatts.

The Fermi – Pasta – Ulam problem is credited not only as " the birth of experimental mathematics ", but also as inspiration for the vast field of Nonlinear Science.

The first experimental nuclear reactor had been developed and constructed by Enrico Fermi and his team of co-workers by the end of 1942 at the University of Chicago ( Chicago Pile-1 ), which proved that there were no obvious physical limitations to producing a slow-neutron nuclear chain reaction.

For a Fermi liquid, the resistance from this mechanism varies as, which is often taken as an experimental check for Fermi liquid behaviour ( in addition to the linear temperature-dependence of the specific heat ), although it only arises in combination with the lattice.

Fermi acted as an important guide and mentor for Chamberlain, encouraging him to leave behind the more prestigious theoretical physics for experimental physics, for which Chamberlain had a particular aptitude.

Fermi found the initial rejection of the paper so troubling that he decided to take some time off from theory, and do only experimental physics.

In optimistic circumstances, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope satellite, launched in June 2008, might detect experimental evidence for evaporation of nearby black holes by observing gamma ray bursts.

On 25 January 1939, Dunning was a member of the experimental team at Columbia University which conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States, which was conducted in the basement of Pupin Hall ; the other members of the team were Herbert L. Anderson, Eugene T. Booth, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, and Francis G. Slack.

In the same year Ida Noddack already presented alternative explanations for the experimental results of Fermi.