The film's original French title is Le fond de l ' air est rouge, which means " the air is essentially red ", or " revolution is in the air ", implying that the socialist movement existed only in the air.

Hegel, French materialist and utilitarian philosophe Claude Adrien Helvétius, Swiss collectivist philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, and Savoyard conservative Joseph de Maistre as thinkers who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

The prominent French socialist Albert Thomas became its first Director General.

He followed this with The Poverty of Philosophy ( 1847 ), a response to the French anarcho-socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's The Philosophy of Poverty and a critique of French socialist thought in general.

Marx's daughter Eleanor and Charles Longuet and Paul Lafargue, Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were also in attendance.

Though inspired by French socialist and sociological thought, Marx criticised utopian socialists, arguing that their favoured small scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty, and that only a large scale change in the economic system can bring about real change.

Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the French revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International.

Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin's book The Conquest of Bread, considered early French socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti.

Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the French revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International.

A brief dramatic episode of Marxist-Leninist revolution took place in North America during the October Crisis in the province of Quebec in Canada, where the Marxist-Leninist and Quebec separatist Front de libération du Québec ( FLQ ) kidnapped the British Trade Commissioner in Canada, James Cross, and Quebec government minister Pierre Laporte who was later killed, it issued a manifesto condemning what it considered English Canadian imperialism in French Quebec calling for an independent, socialist Quebec.

Given that most French supporters of phrenology were liberal, left-wing or socialist, it was an objective of the social elite of France who held a restrained vision of social change that phrenology remain on the fringes.

Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker

In 1889, on the centennial of the French Revolution of 1789, the Second International was founded, with 384 delegates from 20 countries representing about 300 labour and socialist organisations.

" As a result, today, the rallying cry of the French Revolution – " Egalité, Liberté, Fraternité " – which overthrew absolutism and ushered industrialisation into French society, are promoted as essential socialist values.

The elder Nast's socialist political convictions put him at odds with the Bavarian government, and in 1846 he left Landau, enlisting first on a French man-of-war and subsequently on an American ship.

* September 3 – Jean Jaurès, French socialist ( d. 1914 )

* August 29 – Georges Sorel, French socialist ( b. 1847 )

* November 2 – Georges Sorel, French socialist ( d. 1922 )

The French critics thought it was characteristic of American films of the 1930s or 1940s ; however, it was mostly characteristic of cheaper American movies, such as Charlie Chan mysteries where people collected in front of a fireplace or at the foot of the stairs in order to explain what happened a few minutes ago.

The English word Alps derives from the French and Latin Alpes, which at one time was thought to be derived from the Latin albus (" white ").

However, precisely because the French thought the Ardennes unsuitable for massive troop movement, particularly for tanks, they were left with only light defences which were quickly overrun by the Wehrmacht.

The Germans quickly advanced through the forest, knocking down the trees the French thought would impede this tactic.

The term " Bohemianism ", when used to mean " social unconventionality ", comes from the French bohémien " Gypsy " " because Romani people were thought to come from Bohemia, or because they perhaps entered the West through Bohemia ".

Others, such as Claude Lévi-Strauss ( who was influenced both by American cultural anthropology and by French Durkheimian sociology ), have argued that apparently similar patterns of development reflect fundamental similarities in the structure of human thought ( see structuralism ).

Pseudodoxia Epidemica found itself upon the bookshelves of many educated European readers for throughout the late 17th century and early 18th century it was translated, for many years it was not thought compatible with the French and Dutcheze, into the French, Dutch and German languages as well as Latin.

The 1960s brought about innovative thought to the French cuisine, especially because of the contribution of Portuguese immigrants that had come to the country fleeing the forced drafting to the Colonial Wars Portugal was fighting in Africa.

The English word is thought to date from 1200 – 50, from the Middle English feith, via Anglo-French fed, Old French feid, feit from Latin fidem, accusative of fidēs ( trust ), akin to fīdere ( to trust ).

The English word guitar, the German, and the French were adopted from the Spanish, which comes from the Andalusian Arabic, itself derived from the Latin, which in turn came from the Ancient Greek, and is thought to ultimately trace back to the Old Persian language Tar, which means string in Persian.

He was embarrassed by a friendly fire episode in which his unit and another British unit thought the other was the French enemy and opened fire, with 14 dead and 26 wounded in the mishap.

Stirred by the events and principles of the French Revolution, he wrote and published anonymously two pamphlets which led to him being seen as a devoted defender of liberty of thought and action and an advocate of political changes.

The emerging currents of secular humanist thought which had inspired Bentham also informed the French Revolution, and when the newly-formed National Constituent Assembly began drafting the policies and laws of the new republic in 1792, groups of militant ' sodomite-citizens ' in Paris petitioned the Assemblée nationale, the governing body of the French Revolution, for freedom and recognition.

A dedicated contemporary hedonist philosopher and on the history of hedonistic thought is the French Michel Onfray.

The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand, the Italian Renzo Novatore, the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also " translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker ".

Charles Bernard Renouvier was the first Frenchman after Nicolas Malebranche to formulate a complete idealistic system, and had a vast influence on the development of French thought.

His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought.

The name " joystick " is thought to originate with early 20th century French pilot Robert Esnault-Pelterie.

Taviers was of particular importance to the Franco-Bavarian position: it protected the otherwise unsupported flank of General de Guiscard ’ s cavalry on the open plain, while at the same time, it allowed the French infantry to pose a threat to the flanks of the Dutch and Danish squadrons as they came forward into position.

In particular, British ships cut Malta off from France, aided by the rebellion among the native Maltese population that forced the French garrison to retreat to Valletta and shut the gates.

In particular, the two sets of French passes he had kept were missing at his trial.

Later varieties of French fries include those which have been battered and breaded, and many U. S. fast food and casual-food chains have turned to dusting with kashi, dextrin, and other flavor coatings, for crispier fries with particular tastes.

Geneva is covered by the various French language radio networks of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande.

The Art Nouveau movement in particular made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy important names in the first French wave of the movement, producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass, and also using lustre techniques.

African culture thus remained strong among slaves to the end of French rule, in particular the folk-religion of Vodou, which commingled Catholic liturgy and ritual with the beliefs and practices of Guinea, Congo, and Dahomey.

The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who defined the modern discipline of linguistics, first explicitly formulated the distinction, using the French word langage for language as a concept, and langue as a specific instance of a language system, and parôle for the concrete usage of speech in a particular language.

Of particular note is the Flemish infection at Fontainebleau that combined the eroticism of the French style with a precursor of the vanitas tradition that would dominate seventeenth-century Netherlandish and Flemish painting.

Many of these do agree, though, that particular predictions refer, for example, to the French Revolution, Napoleon, Adolf Hitler, both world wars, and the nuclear destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Curiously, this particular story seems to have been first recorded by Samuel Pepys as early as 1667, long before the French Revolution.

#: The Three Governments have taken note of the discussions which have been proceeding in recent weeks in London between British, United States, Soviet and French representatives with a view to reaching agreement on the methods of trial of those major war criminals whose crimes under the Moscow Declaration of October, 1943 have no particular geographical localization.

The Persian Gulf was therefore opened by Persians to a flourishing commerce with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and the British merchants, who were granted particular privileges.

Philosophers such as Condorcet, who drafted the French revolutionary chart for a people's education under the rule of reason, dismissed rhetoric as an instrument of oppression in the hands of clerics in particular.

On 23 February 2005, the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) conservative majority at the French National Assembly voted a law compelling history textbooks and teachers to " acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in North Africa ".

In particular, French words that end in a silent e ( a schwa, eu, such as femme ) and words that end in a pronounced consonant and which usually have an e muet added at the end ( such as flic ) retain the sound of the e muet in verlan.

The French word villanelle comes from the Italian word villanella, which derives from the Latin villa ( house ) and villano ( farmhand ); to any poet before the mid-19th century, the word villanelle or villanella would have simply meant country song, with no particular form implied.

Pitt's particular genius was to finance an army on the continent to drain French men and resources so that Britain might concentrate on what he held to be the vital spheres: Canada and the West Indies ; whilst Clive successfully defeated Siraj Ud Daulah, ( the last independent Nawab of Bengal ) at Plassey ( 1757 ), securing India.

The French Fourth Republic in particular faced conflict on two fronts within the French Union, the Algerian War and the First Indo-China War.

In particular, Jürgen Habermas admonishes the influence of Heidegger on recent French philosophy in his polemic against " postmodernism " in The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity ( 1985 ).

A fetish ( derived from the French fétiche ; which comes from the Portuguese feitiço ; and this in turn from Latin facticius, " artificial " and facere, " to make ") is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular, a man-made object that has power over others.

In particular, many modern French artists such as Monet and Degas were influenced by the Japanese style.