Only Galerius is dressed in armor, and he makes the offering upon the altar.

Vowing to take revenge, Galerius made preparations throughout the winter of 297 and invaded Armenia with 25, 000 men.

Galerius was assigned Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and responsibility for the eastern borderlands.

Narseh moved south into Roman Mesopotamia in 297, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius in the region between Carrhae ( Harran, Turkey ) and Callinicum ( Ar-Raqqah, Syria ) ( and thus, the historian Fergus Millar notes, probably somewhere on the Balikh River ).

Galerius crosses the Euphrates into Syria to join Diocletian at Antioch.

Narseh then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the Eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae ( Harran, Turkey ) and Callinicum ( Ar-Raqqah, Syria ).

In 305, his maternal uncle Galerius became the eastern Augustus and adopted Maximinus, raising him to the rank of caesar ( in effect, the junior eastern Emperor ), with the government of Syria and Egypt.

Galerius crossed the Euphrates into Syria to join his father-in-law Diocletian at Antioch.

In the spring of 293, in either Philippopolis ( Plovdiv, Bulgaria ) or Sirmium, Diocletian would do the same for Galerius, husband to Diocletian's daughter Valeria, and perhaps Diocletian's praetorian prefect.

In a public ceremony at Antioch, the official version of events was clear: Galerius was responsible for the defeat ; Diocletian was not.

Diocletian publicly humiliated Galerius, forcing him to walk for a mile at the head of the Imperial caravan, still clad in the purple robes of the Emperor.

Narseh sent an ambassador to Galerius to plead for the return of his wives and children in the course of the war, but Galerius had dismissed him.

Diocletian was conservative in matters of religion, a man faithful to the traditional Roman pantheon and understanding of demands for religious purification, but Eusebius, Lactantius and Constantine state that it was Galerius, not Diocletian, who was the prime supporter of the purge, and its greatest beneficiary.

Diocletian believed that Romanus of Caesarea was arrogant, and he left the city for Nicomedia in the winter, accompanied by Galerius.

Diocletian argued that forbidding Christians from the bureaucracy and military would be sufficient to appease the gods, but Galerius pushed for extermination.

Galerius left the city for Rome, declaring Nicomedia unsafe.

Afterward, the persecutions under Diocletian and Galerius directed his attention to the martyrs of his own time and the past, and this led him to the history of the whole Church and finally to the history of the world, which, to him, was only a preparation for ecclesiastical history.

After suffering a defeat by the Persians in 296, Galerius crushed Narseh in 298 — reversing a series of Roman defeats throughout the century — capturing members of the imperial household and a substantial amount of booty and gaining a highly favourable peace treaty, which secured peace between the two powers for a generation.

The first book sketches briefly the history of the early Roman emperors from Augustus to Diocletian ( 305 ); the second, third and fourth deal more fully with the period from the accession of Constantius Chlorus and Galerius to the death of Theodosius I ; the fifth and sixth, the most useful for historians, cover the period between 395 and 410, when Priscus Attalus was deposed ; for this period, he is the most important surviving non-ecclesiastical source.

* Peace of Nisibis: Galerius signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years.

The city subsequently expanded for a century and a half, it became a significant political and economical centre, moreso — it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognized as an official religion ( Еmperor Galerius ).

Diocletian may or may not have been present at the battle, but would present himself soon afterwards at Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take all the blame for the affair.

Their marriage was the occasion for the jointly-issued " Edict of Milan " that reissued Galerius ' previous edict allowing Christianity to be professed in the Empire, with additional dispositions that restored confiscated properties to Christian congregations and exempted Christian clergy from municipal civic duties. The redaction of the edict as reproduced by Lactantius-who follows the text affixed by Licinius in Nicomedia on June 14 313, after Maximinus ' defeat-uses a neutral language, expressing a will to propitiate " any Divinity whatsoever in the seat of the heavens ".

Maximinus has a bad name in Christian annals, as having renewed persecution after the publication of the toleration edict of Galerius ( see Edict of Toleration by Galerius ), acting outwardly as responding to the demands of various urban authorities asking for the expelling of Christians.

Some sources ( Lactantius, Epitome ) state that Galerius hated Maxentius and used his influence on Diocletian that Maxentius be ignored in the succession ; maybe Diocletianus also thought that he was not qualified for the military duties of the imperial office.

On his arrival at Antioch, Galerius was rebuked by Diocletian who disgraced him for his shameful defeat at the hands of Narses.

Artistic license was taken in the representations, for instance, the Caesar Galerius is shown in personal combat with the Sassanid Shah Narses in one of the panels ; although they never met in battle.

Porphyry is also known as an opponent of Christianity and defender of Paganism ; his defense of traditional religion, Philosophy from Oracles, written before the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian and Galerius, set out the basis for them:

Afterwards, during 299 and 302, as Diocletian was then residing in the East, it was Galerius ' turn to campaign victoriously on the Danube.

There, possibly in Galerius ' company, he took part in a campaign against the Carpi.

Constantine, disappointed in his hopes to become a Caesar, fled the court of Galerius after Constantius had asked Galerius to release his son as Constantius was ill. Constantine joined his father's court at the coast of Gaul, just as he was preparing to campaign in Britain.

After the failed campaign of Galerius, Maxentius ' reign over Italy and Africa was firmly established.

Also in 310, he lost Istria to Licinius, who could not continue the campaign, however, as Galerius fell mortally ill and died the next year.

Galerius, aided by Diocletian, campaigned successfully against Sassanid Persia, the Empire's traditional enemy.

* Galerius, Roman Caesar in the Balkan, is dispatched to Egypt to fight against the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.

Galerius sent his subordinate emperor, Severus, against him in early 307.

Caesar Galerius led the pagan movement against Christianity and arrived to bring up Diocletian against Christianity in the year 302: first Christian soldiers had to leave the army, later the Church's property was confiscated and Christian books were destroyed.

It was expected that Maxentius would try the same strategy as against Severus and Galerius earlier ; that is, remaining in the well-defended city of Rome, and sit out a siege which would cost his enemy much more.

Following Galerius ' death, Maximinus was no longer constrained ; he enthusiastically took up renewed persecutions in the eastern territories under his control, encouraging petitions against Christians, one of which, addressed to him and to Constantine and Licinius, is preserved in a stone inscription at Arycanda in Lycia, " to request that the Christians, who have long been disloyal and still persist in the same mischievous intent, should at last be put down and not be suffered by any absurd novelty to offend against the honour due to the gods.

The two pillars flanking the central arched passageway retain their sculpted marble slabs, which depict the wars of Galerius against the Persians in broadly panegyric terms.

Galerius continued moving down the Tigris, and took the Persian capital Ctesiphon before returning to Roman territory along the Euphrates.

Born to a Dacian peasant family in Moesia Superior, Licinius accompanied his close childhood friend, the future emperor Galerius, on the Persian expedition in 298.

“ Brass Medallion Representing the Persian Victory of Maximianus Galerius .”/

# The Reign of Diocletian and his Three Associates, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius – General Re-establishment of Order and Tranquility – The Persian War, Victory, and Triumph – The new Form of Administration – The Abdication and Retirement of Diocletian and Maximian

At the conclusion of the Persian wars in 299, co-emperors Diocletian and Galerius traveled from Persia to Syrian Antioch ( Antakya ).

Newly prestigious and influential after his victories in the Persian war, Galerius might have wished to compensate for a previous humiliation at Antioch, when Diocletian had forced him to walk at the front of the imperial caravan, rather than inside it.