Genetic counseling has developed to inform and aid individuals considering genetic testing and has become a model for other genetically dominant diseases.

Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's paternity ( genetic father ) or a person's ancestry.

* Genetic disorders or diseases are all congenital, though they may not be expressed or recognized until later in life.

Genetic diseases may be divided into single-gene defects, multiple-gene disorders, or chromosomal defects.

Genetic defects involving aquaporin genes have been associated with several human diseases.

Genetic background determines such features as height, eye color, and potential to develop certain diseases like diabetes, but it also determines all the chemicals and structures that make up the brain, therefore playing a role in epilepsia partialis continua.

Genetic variations in genes encoding for apolipoproteins, some enzymes and hormones can alter individual sensitivity to developing cardiovascular diseases.

Genetic factors may create a predisposition towards developing these autoimmune diseases.

Genetic defects can also inhibit normal epithelial integrity, such as defects in intercellular adhesion molecules that result in blistering diseases.

Genetic diseases ( e. g., cystic fibrosis ) are known to be caused by misfolded or mutated proteins, and there is a desire to understand what, if any, anomalous protein – protein interactions a given mutation can cause.

# Genetic pollution and disease and parasite transfer ;

Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm ; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.

Genetic counseling may be helpful for families at risk for polycystic kidney disease.

If researchers were trying to initially determine the chromosomal location of a particular disease gene, they would analyze the DNA of members of a family afflicted by the disease, and look for RFLP alleles that show a similar pattern of inheritance as that of the disease ( see Genetic linkage ).

Genetic predisposition appears to be limited: genetic concordance is small ; still, there often is a familial predisposition for autoimmune disease.

Genetic defects in glucose transporter type 1 ( GLUT1 ) appears to be the primary cause of De Vivo disease.

The July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring — written by Ernst Rüdin and other theorists of " racial hygiene "— established " Genetic Health Courts " which decided on compulsory sterilization of " any person suffering from a hereditary disease.

; Returning territories for the sake of peace ; Institutionalizing parents with Alzheimer's disease ; Torah study vs. earning a living ; Investigating charities to which we contribute ; Telling the truth to terminal patients ; Genetic engineering ; The kashrut of veal raised on factory farms ; Is it a mitzvah to make aliyah?

* Genetic modification of animals to study disease.

The National Society of Genetic Counselors ( NSGC ) officially defines genetic counseling as the understanding and adaptation to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.

Genetic counseling can occur before conception ( i. e. when one or two of the parents are carriers of a certain trait ) through to adulthood ( for adult onset genetic conditions, such as Huntington's disease or hereditary cancer syndromes ).

With regard to genetic testing and information in general, legislation in the United States called the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act prohibits group health plans and health insurers from denying coverage to a healthy individual or charging that person higher premiums based solely on a genetic predisposition to developing a disease in the future.

* Genetic disease

Genetic defects of this enzyme cause the disease known as pyruvate kinase deficiency.

Genetic testing is now available, and the disease has been largely eradicated from the Bedlington population in the United States.

Genetic studies have suggested much higher figures which is supported by oral traditions that Aborigines were " more numerous than the white people were aware of " but that their population had been decimated by a sudden outbreak of disease prior to 1803.

Genetic factors promoting local inflammation and photoreceptor degeneration may also be involved in the development of the disease.

Genetic analysis to determine which mutation associated with the disease may be present.

Genetic mutations affecting the enzymes of the de novo synthesis pathway may possibly contribute to the disease, although these are rare or unknown.

Genetic mutations in the gene encoding Foxp3 have been identified in both humans and mice based on the heritable disease caused by these mutations.

Genetic variation in this gene influences susceptibility to occlusive vascular disease, neural tube defects, colon cancer and acute leukemia, and mutations in this gene are associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

Genetic modification is widely believed to be potentially capable of affecting the full range of biological traits, from gender to susceptibility to disease, and eventually appearance, personality, and even IQ.

Genetic diversity has been studied among several rice varieties with different genotypes using molecular markers.

Genetic testing can confirm albinism and what variety it is, but offers no medical benefits except in the cases of non-OCA disorders ( see below ) that cause albinism along with other medical problems which may be treatable.

* Tom Shakespeare, Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome, with Anne Kerr ( New Clarion Press, 2002 ).

The FAO hosts DAD-IS, the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, a communication and information tool for the management of animal genetic resources which provides the user with searchable databases of breed-related information, management tools, and contacts for the Regional and National Coordinators for the Management of Animal Genetic Resources programme.

Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that introduce heritable material prepared outside the organism either directly into the host or into a cell that is then fused or hybridized with the host .< ref name = " EU17 ">

* Genetic Engineering A UK site for students, with case studies and ethical responses

* Genetic ( linguistics ), in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language

* Genetic algorithms do not scale well with complexity.

Genetic algorithms with adaptive parameters ( adaptive genetic algorithms, AGAs ) is another significant and promising variant of genetic algorithms.

* Genetic Algorithms Computer programs that " evolve " in ways that resemble natural selection can solve complex problems even their creators do not fully understand An excellent introduction to GA by John Holland and with an application to the Prisoner's Dilemma

* A Genetic Algorithm Tutorial by Darrell Whitley Computer Science Department Colorado State University An excellent tutorial with lots of theory

* " Demystifying Genetic Algorithms " Tutorial on how Genetic Algorithms work, with examples.

* Introduction to Genetic Algorithms with interactive Java applets.

Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.

In May 1951, in Genetic Psychology Monographs volume 43, page 204, Anne Roe gives a transcript of an interview ( part of a Thematic Apperception Test, asking impressions on a photograph ) with Theoretical Physicist number 3: "... As for himself he realized that this was the inexorable working of the second law of the thermodynamics which stated Murphy's law ‘ If anything can go wrong it will ’.

Genetic analysis of African cattle has found higher concentrations of zebu genes all along the east coast of Africa, with especially pure cattle on the island of Madagascar, implying that the method of dispersal was cattle transported by ship.

Genetic engineers have experimented with modifying goats ' milk and plants ' leaves to produce spider silk.

Genetic counseling is often offered for families who may be at an increased risk to have a child with a genetic condition.

Genetic counseling and genetic testing is recommended for families with two parental carriers.

Genetic counseling should be provided to the family of a child with PMD.

The Genetic Opera, along with other voices.

Genetic divergence of mangrove lineages from terrestrial relatives, in combination with fossil evidence, suggests mangrove diversity is limited by evolutionary transition into the stressful marine environment, and the number of mangrove lineages has increased steadily over the Tertiary with little global extinction.

Genetic background may contribute to prostate cancer risk, as suggested by associations with race, family, and specific gene variants.