* Boniface was a patron of Giotto di Bondone.

In the book Vasari was attempting to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art: the arts had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists, beginning with Cimabue ( 1240 – 1301 ) and Giotto ( 1267 – 1337 ) began to reverse this decline in the arts.

The tower was designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.

The pigment was mixed with a binding medium like egg and applied over dry plaster ( such as Giotto di Bondone's frescos in the Cappella degli Scrovegni or Arena Chapel in Padua ).

Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct, though with modifications.

The presence of the university attracted many distinguished artists, such as Giotto, Fra Filippo Lippi and Donatello ; and for native art there was the school of Francesco Squarcione, whence issued the great Mantegna.

Giotto was a European robotic spacecraft mission from the European Space Agency, intended to fly by and study Halley's Comet.

The spacecraft was named after the Early Italian Renaissance painter Giotto di Bondone.

Originally a United States partner probe was planned that would accompany Giotto, but this fell through due to budget cuts at NASA.

The idea was for Japanese probes and the pre-existing American probe International Cometary Explorer to make long distance measurements, followed by the Russian Vegas which would locate the nucleus, and the resulting information sent back would allow Giotto to precisely target very close to the nucleus.

Because Giotto would pass so very close to the nucleus ESA was mostly convinced it would not survive the encounter due to bombardment from the many high speed cometary particles.

While in GTO a number of slew and spin-up manoeuvres ( to 90 RPM ) were carried out in preparation for the firing of the Apogee Boost Motor ( ABM ), although unlike orbit circularisations for geostationary orbit, the ABM for Giotto was fired at perigee.

Giotto was commanded to wake up on 2 July 1990 when it flew by Earth in order to sling shot to its next cometary encounter.

Afterwards, Giotto was again switched off on 23 July 1992.

In 1999 Giotto made another Earth flyby but was not reactivated.

Giotto found Halley's nucleus was blacker than coal, which suggested a thick covering of dust.

) Although the one particle impact that sent Giotto spinning was not measured, from its effects-it also probably broke off a piece of Giotto-its mass has been estimated to lie between 0. 1 g and 1 g.

* Giotto was the first spacecraft do a close flyby of two comets.

* Giotto was the first spacecraft to return from interplanetary space and perform an Earth swing by.

* Giotto was the first spacecraft to be re-activated from hibernation mode.

In fact, Giotto inspired the 14th-century School of Rimini, which was the expression of original cultural ferment.

Andrea del Castagno ( or Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla ) ( c. 1421 – 19 August 1457 ) was an Italian painter from Florence, influenced chiefly by Tommaso Masaccio and Giotto di Bondone.

According to late Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari, Simone was instead a pupil of Giotto di Bondone, with whom he went to Rome to paint at the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Giotto also executing a mosaic there.

* 1334 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile ( bell tower ) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.

The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley's surface and structure.

Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple's " dirty snowball " hypothesis for comet construction ; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma.

* 1986 – The Giotto probe provides the first ever close up images of Halley's Comet.

Although both the Pisanos and Giotto had students and followers, the first truly Renaissance artists were not to emerge in Florence until 1401 with the competition to sculpt a set of bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral which drew entries from seven young sculptors including Brunelleschi, Donatello and the winner, Lorenzo Ghiberti.

* The use of perspective: The first major treatment of the painting as a window into space appeared in the work of Giotto di Bondone, at the beginning of the 14th century.

It was during this period of instability that the Renaissance authors such as Dante and Petrarch lived, and the first stirrings of Renaissance art were to be seen, notably in the realism of Giotto.

The artist Giotto may have been the first to recognize that the image beheld by the eye is distorted: to the eye, parallel lines appear to intersect, ( like the distant edges of a path or road ) whereas in " undistorted " nature, they do not.

One of the first uses of perspective was in Giotto ’ s Jesus Before the Caïf, more than 100 years before Brunelleschi ’ s perspectival demonstrations galvanized the widespread use of convergent perspective of the Renaissance proper.

It was to be the first time a spacecraft would have flown in formation with a comet, though a U. S. spacecraft, International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ), flew by Comet Giacobini-Zinner in 1985, spacecraft from several countries encountered Comet Halley in 1986, and the Giotto spacecraft flew past Comet Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992.

In 1828, immediately after returning from their honeymoon, she had published A Short History of Spain, and in 1835 the writings during her long convalescence resulted in the publication of two books ; Description of the chapel of the Annunziata dell ’ Arena ; or Giotto ’ s Chapel in Padua, and her first and most famous book for children ; Little Arthur ’ s History of England, which has been reprinted numerous times since then ( already in 1851 the 16th edition was published, and it was last reprinted in 1975 ).

During the early 1300s, the Florentine painter Giotto became the first artist to portray nature realistically.

Together with engineer Giotto Bizzarrini, designer Giorgetto Giugiaro and chassis builder Bertone, Renzo Rivolta began developing the Iso Rivolta IR 300, which was first presented at the Torino Show of 1962.

* Giotto, the first space probe to get close-up color images of the nucleus of a comet.

Such images were of higher resolution than the only previous pictures, of Halley's Comet taken by the Giotto spacecraft.

** The Giotto spacecraft flies past Comet 26P / Grigg-Skjellerup, gathering measurements about the comet.

* Halley's nucleus by Giotto spacecraft ( ESA link )

* Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft ( NASA link )

* Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft

Giotto ( spacecraft ) | Giotto – Comet Halley flyby

# REDIRECT Giotto ( spacecraft )

The European Space Agency used IDL to process almost all of the pictures of Halley's Comet taken by the Giotto spacecraft.

* Giotto ( spacecraft ), approached Halley's Comet in March 1986 ( made at Filton )

He also participated in the planning of Giotto, the European Space Agency's mission to Halley's Comet, but died before the spacecraft was launched.

ICE transited between the Sun and Comet Halley in late March 1986, when other spacecraft ( Giotto, Vega 1 and 2, Suisei and Sakigake ) were in the vicinity of Comet Halley on their early March comet rendezvous missions ( see Halley Armada ).