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* Gran Colombia – Peru War in 1829
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Gran and Colombia
With the arrival of news in May 1810 that southern Spain had been conquered by Napoleon's forces, that the Spanish Supreme Central Junta had dissolved itself, declarations of independence in Quito ( 1809 ), Gran Colombia ( 1810 ), Venezuela and Paraguay ( 1811 ) and other territories, established their own governments.
That year, the Congress of Angostura established the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included all territories under jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada.
Bolívar was elected first, president of Gran Colombia and Santander, vice president.
As the Federation of Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1830, the Department of Cundinamarca ( as established in Angostura ) became a new country, the Republic of New Granada.
* Gran Colombia
Panama was a part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Granada, and then, following independence, became part of Gran Colombia.
The Spanish founded modern day Quito and Guayaquil as part of the political-administration era which lasted until the war of Independence, the rise of Gran Colombia and Simón Bolívar to the final separation of his vision into what is known today as the Republic of Ecuador.
Unlike the hapless Quito junta of a decade earlier, the Guayaquil patriots were able to appeal to foreign allies, Argentina and Gran Colombia, each of whom soon responded by sending sizable contingents to Ecuador.
As a result, Ecuador became the District of the South within the Republic of Gran Colombia, which also included present-day Venezuela and Colombia and had Bogotá as its capital.
First, the country found itself on the front lines of Gran Colombia's efforts to liberate Peru from Spanish rule between 1822 and 1825 ; afterward, in 1828 and 1829, Ecuador was in the middle of an armed struggle between Peru and Gran Colombia over the location of their common border.
After a campaign that included the near destruction of Guayaquil, the forces of Gran Colombia, under the leadership of Sucre and Venezuelan General Juan José Flores, proved victorious.
The latter group was to prevail following Venezuela's withdrawal from Gran Colombia at the very moment that an 1830 constitutional congress had been called in an ultimately futile effort to stem the growing separatist tendencies throughout country.
In May of that year, a group of Quito notables met to dissolve the union with Gran Colombia, and in August, a constituent assembly drew up a constitution for the State of Ecuador, so named for its geographic proximity to the equator, and placed General Flores in charge of political and military affairs.
Born in Venezuela, he had fought in the wars for independence with Bolívar, who had appointed him governor of Ecuador during its association with Gran Colombia.
Although assisted by Peruvian troops, it would fight these only a few years later in 1828, as a member of the Confederation of Gran Colombia.
With the independence both countries united under the Gran Colombia along with New Granada ( then Colombia and Panama ).
After the dissolution of the Gran Colombia, Ecuador named Don Pedro Gual as plenipotentiary minister with the main task of resolving the debt acquired while part of the Gran Colombia union as well as to establish diplomatic relations with the New Granada and Venezuela.
* The flag of Venezuela, created by Francisco de Miranda to represent the independence movement in Venezuela that later gave birth to the " Gran Colombia ", inspired the flags of Colombia and Ecuador, both sharing three bands of yellow, blue and red with the flag of Venezuela.
Gran and –
* 1483 – Gran Canaria, the main island of the Canary Islands is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile.
* 1830 – Ecuador gains its independence from Gran Colombia.
* 1821 – Panama Independence Day: Panama separates from Spain and joins Gran Colombia.
Bertoldo's son, Gentile II ( 1250 – 1318 ), was two times Senator of Rome, podestà of Viterbo and, from 1314, Gran Giustiziere (" Great Justicer ") of the Kingdom of Naples.
These evolved into significant populations that are best known through the spectacular burials ( dating to c. 500 – 900 CE ) at the Monagrillo archaeological site, and the beautiful polychrome pottery of the Gran Coclé style.
Finally it was won over by Venezuela's Simon Bolivar, who's ambitious project of a Gran Colombia ( 1819 – 1830 ) was beginning to take shape.
The Republic of Colombia ( 1819 – 1830 ) or ‘ Gran Colombia ’ as it began to be called only after 1886, more or less corresponded in territory to the old colonial administrative district called the Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 – 1819 ).
* 1943 – World War II: Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy, is rescued from house arrest on the Gran Sasso in Abruzzi, by German commando forces led by Otto Skorzeny.
* Chaco War ( 15 June 1932 – 10 June 1935 ) – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935.
* June 3 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.
* July 25 – In Italy the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo withdraws its support of Mussolini ; Mussolini is arrested and the power is given to Maresciallo d ' Italia Gen. Pietro Badoglio.
* June 11 – Gran Naniwa, Japanese professional wrestler
* September 7, 1821 – The Republic of Gran Colombia ( a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador ) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
* June 3, 1828 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.
* August 27, 1828 – Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.
* January 17 – Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Gran Colombia.
* September 7 – The Republic of Gran Colombia ( a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador ) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
* November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia ( see History of Panama ).
* May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.
* April 29 – Gran Canaria, the main of the Canary Islands is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, very important step in the expansion of Spain.
Gran and Peru
The Gran Colombia – Peru War of the north and the Cisplatine War ( between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ) ended in stalemates, although the latter resulted in the independence of Uruguay ( 1828 ).
On September 7, 1821 the Gran Colombia ( a state covering much of modern Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, northern Peru, and northwest of Brazil ) was created, with Bolívar as president and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
While Bolívar was engaged in military campaigns in Peru, he was unable to carry on his duties as president of Gran Colombia.
This meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia ( comprising the modern-day nations of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela ), Peru, the United Provinces of Central America ( Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica ), and Mexico.
Simón Bolívar, president of Gran Colombia and Peru at the time and Sucre's chief, was opposed to Upper Peruvian independence, but local leaders — both former royalists like Casimiro Olañeta, nephew of General Olañeta, and patriots — all supported it.
These wars resulted in the creation of several South American states out of the former Spanish colonies, the currently existing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and the now defunct Gran Colombia.
Bolívar and San Martín held a meeting in Guayaquil on July 26 and 27, 1822, in which they discussed plans to liberate Peru and it was decided that Bolívar and Gran Colombia would take over the task of fully liberating Peru.
Bolívar was now president of both Gran Colombia and Peru and had been granted extraordinary powers by the legislatures of both countries to carry out the war against the Spanish Monarchy.
Once this was accomplished, Gran Colombia continued its fight against the Spanish in Peru and Bolivia, completing the efforts of Chilean and Argentine patriots, such as José de San Martín, to liberate southern South America.
Named President of the Government Council in Lima, he was in charge of the Peruvian Executive after Bolívar returned to Gran Colombia on September 4, 1826, until the collapse of the Bolivarian regime in Peru on January 27, 1827.
Since General Simón Bolívar, despite being the President of the new republic, decided to continue leading the republican forces in their southern campaigns in Ecuador and Peru, the office of President of Gran Colombia was entrusted to General Santander.
Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew ( 1830 ) from Gran Colombia ; the Central American Federation collapsed ( 1838 ); Argentina and Brazil fought continually over Uruguay, and then all three combined in the Paraguayan War ( 1865 – 70 ) to defeat Paraguay ; and in the War of the Pacific ( 1879 – 83 ), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia.
As early as 1829, Peru fought against the Gran Colombia ( a large loose state encompassing most of northern South America ), of which the disputed lands were a part.
Furthermore, Peru argues that the treaties signed with the Gran Colombia were rendered void upon the dissolution of that federation.
He posthumously received the rank of Gran Almirante del Perú ( Grand Admiral of Peru ) in 1967 by order of the Peruvian Congress.
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