The GraphLab collaborative filtering library incorporates a large scale parallel implementation of the Lanczos algorithm ( in C ++) for multicore.

* Netflix Prize, an open competition for the best collaborative filtering algorithm

Clay Shirky traces the origin of the term " social software " to Eric Drexler's 1987 discussion of " hypertext publishing systems " like the subsequent World Wide Web, and how systems of this kind could support software for public critical discussion, collaborative development, group commitment, and collaborative filtering of content based on voting and rating.

In general, collaborative filtering is the process of filtering for information or patterns using techniques involving collaboration among multiple agents, viewpoints, data sources, etc.

Applications of collaborative filtering typically involve very large data sets.

The remainder of this discussion focuses on collaborative filtering for user data, although some of the methods and approaches may apply to the other major applications as well.

In the newer, narrower sense, collaborative filtering is a method of making automatic predictions ( filtering ) about the interests of a user by collecting preferences or taste information from many users ( collaborating ).

The underlying assumption of the collaborative filtering approach is that if a person A has the same opinion as a person B on an issue, A is more likely to have B's opinion on a different issue x than to have the opinion on x of a person chosen randomly.

For example, a collaborative filtering recommendation system for television tastes could make predictions about which television show a user should like given a partial list of that user's tastes ( likes or dislikes ).

One of the techniques used for dealing with this problem is called collaborative filtering.

The motivation for collaborative filtering comes from the idea that people often get the best recommendation from someone with similar taste.

Typically, the workflow of a collaborative filtering system is:

A key problem of collaborative filtering is how to combine and weight the preferences of user neighbors.

This falls under the category of user-based collaborative filtering.

Alternatively, item-based collaborative filtering invented by Amazon. com ( users who bought x also bought y ), proceeds in an item-centric manner:

See, for example, the Slope One item-based collaborative filtering family.

Another form of collaborative filtering can be based on implicit observations of normal user behavior ( as opposed to the artificial behavior imposed by a rating task ).

Services like Reddit, YouTube, and Last. fm are typical example of collaborative filtering based media.

One scenario of collaborative filtering application is to recommend interesting or popular information as judged by the community.

Another aspect of collaborative filtering system can make more personalized recommendation by analyzing information from your past activity or the history of other users of similar taste.

A collaborative filtering system doesn't automatically match content to one's preferences.

As in the personalized recommendation scenario, new user or new item can always cause a problem, as there will be insufficient data for the collaborative filtering to work.

Its current goal, apart from the continual development of the Mizar System, is the collaborative creation of a large library of formally verified proofs, covering most of the core of modern mathematics.

The United States ' National Science Digital Library ( NSDL ) is an open-access online digital library and collaborative network of disciplinary and grade-level focused education providers.

Project requirements for the facility included a new training center, meeting and education spaces for their members, a technical library, offices, collaborative workspaces for personnel, and a shipping and receiving area.

In addition, on the plaza level of the library, the Learning Commons emphasizes group and collaborative learning.

Georgia's collaborative digitization program, the Digital Library of Georgia, presents a seamless virtual library on the state's history and life, including more than a hundred digital collections from 60 institutions and 100 agencies of government.

The application can be used for web-based knowledge representation and content management projects, for developing structured knowledge bases, as a collaborative authoring tool, suitable for making electronic glossaries, dictionaries and encyclopedias, for managing large web sites or links, developing an online catalogue for a library of any thing including books, to make ontologies, classifying and networking any objects, etc.

Liberty University estimates that the book storage and robotic retrieval system will occupy 7 % of the library, while 67 % will be reserved for collaborative meeting areas and student study spaces.

The new building features: three 80-seat classrooms ; twenty-three 40-seat classrooms ; fourteen 40-seat computer labs ; a multi-purpose auditorium for 240 students that can be turned into a conference room or two 120-seat lecture halls ; increased computing commons and library space ; several new areas of collaborative student study and work space ; a new “ front door ” for the campus and improved campus access for people with disabilities.

* ScriptLib. net, an online collaborative script library for SuperCard

The National Library of Australia provides a national leadership role in developing and managing collaborative online services with the Australian library community, making it easier for users to find and access information resources at the national level.

Another one of the main goals of many a national library is the " export aspect " and the collaborative sides of the universal bibliographic control of all the books in the world.

Recently the library has included other services such as writing center and meeting spaces for collaborative works.

The campus is an eight-story building complies with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Green Building requirements and has classrooms, a two-story law library ( containing 1, 250, 598 volumes ), offices, collaborative work areas, and a legal clinic.

* using a client application to join with large numbers of other terminal users in collaborative workgroups.

With the widespread interest in birds, it has been possible to use a large number of people to work on collaborative ornithological projects that cover large geographic scales.

The composers, backed by a small brass section and a live drummer, performed a large number of their BBC-commissioned musical works including sections of incidental music from The Hitch Hikers ' Guide to the Galaxy and Doctor Who ( including a medley of Mark Ayres's work ) as well as some collaborative compositions written specifically for the Roundhouse concert.

* The Innovation Capacity Index ( ICI ) published by a large number of international professors working in a collaborative fashion.

The 1632 series has evolved into a large scale experiment in collaborative fiction and has attracted considerable interest from other best selling writers, including David Weber and Mercedes Lackey.

Judy Chicago is an American feminist artist and writer known for her large collaborative art installation pieces which examine the role of women in history and culture.

His works include solo performance pieces such as Endangered Species, TransDadaExpress, and Shofar ; radio works such as Crystal Psalms, Un Altro Ferragosto, I Dreamt John Cage Yodeling at the Zurich Hauptbahnhof, and Living Room Music ; large scale musical choreographic works such as Oh Brass on the Grass Alas, for 300 amateur brass-band musicians, and the Maritime Rites series of performances on and near water ; sound installation works such as Magic Carpet, Floor Plan, The Twentieth Century, and Gardening with John ; chamber music such as For Cornelius for piano, the trio Schtyx, the string quartet VSTO, the saxophone quartet Electric Rags II, the percussion quartet THEME PARK, a series of works for chorus SATB, and the work for chamber orchestra and video Circus Maximus ; and many collaborative dance and theater works.

This community also includes a large number of non-core developers, with Moodle's free source license and modular design allowing any developer to create additional modules and features that has allowed Moodle to become a truly global, collaborative project in scope.

As a result, the user-item matrix used for collaborative filtering could be extremely large and sparse, which brings about the challenges in the performances of the recommendation.

Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are formed to explore the potential of new drug substances.

In the early 90's, sculptor John Connell, in his Raft Project, a collaborative project with painter Eugene Newmann, recreated The Raft of the Medusa by making life-sized sculptures out of wood, paper and tar and placing them on a large wooden raft.

A large, collaborative, retrospective survey, the North American Task Force on Intersexuality, was organized, with input from patient advocates.

At the time, the Movement Crew consisted of CB Mass, Yoon Mi Rae, Uptown, and Kim Jin Pyo and has now expanded into a large collaborative of pivotal Korean artists, including Epik High, Eun Ji Won, Bobby Kim, Leessang, Dynamic Duo.

USO fills the large longitudinal gap between Australia and Spain, and provides a link for continuous solar coverage in international collaborative programs, including the Global Oscillations Network Group ( GONG ).

* The crowdsourcing model, in which a company outsources work to a large group of market players using a collaborative online platform.

* Semantica Enterprise: Semantica Enterprise is a collaborative multiuser system for modeling, visualizing and analyzing very large amounts of complex information, accessible from a browser or from Semantica Pro.

Also, modern and open collaborative working spaces were introduced with the construction of a large atrium connecting Duffield, which houses research and teaching facilities for nanoscale science and engineering, with Phillips and Upson ( 1956 ) Halls.

Wikipedia is an example of a collaborative editing project on a large scale, which can be both good and bad.

After releasing records with 4AD for a large part of their career, Cocteau Twins decided to take a step towards independence and started up the Bella Union record label, through which they could release their own work as well as any collaborative efforts.

The Kilifi District Hospital serves all of Kilifi District, and also supports the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, a large medical research center collaborative between Kenya's KEMRI and the British Wellcome Trust, known internationally for its work on malaria and bacterial and viral childhood infections.