Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative.

Hyperpolarization is often caused by efflux of K < sup >+</ sup > ( a cation ) through K < sup >+</ sup > channels, or influx of Cl < sup >–</ sup > ( an anion ) through Cl < sup >–</ sup > channels.

Hyperpolarization is the opposite of depolarization, and inhibits the rise of an action potential.

Hyperpolarization is the nuclear spin polarization of a material far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions.

`` A person with a master's degree in physics, chemistry, math or English, yet who has not taken Education courses, is not permitted to teach in the public schools '', said Grover.

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number ( also known as the proton number ) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

It is not concerned with the formation of molecules ( although much of the physics is identical ), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

and atomic physics is no exception.

The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer.

In our current understanding of physics, the Bohr model is called a semi-classical model because of its quantization of angular momentum, not primarily because of its relationship with electron wavelength, which appeared in hindsight a dozen years after the Bohr model was proposed.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

At this time, the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

RWTH Aachen University, established as Polytechnicum in 1870, is one of the Germany's Universities of Excellence with strong emphasis on technological research, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences, physics, and chemistry.

It is both an extended discussion ( and polemic ) on Stoic physics, and an exposition of Aristotelian thought on this theme.

A Fire Upon the Deep is a science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge, a space opera involving superhuman intelligences, aliens, variable physics, space battles, love, betrayal, genocide, and a conversation medium resembling Usenet.

Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering, and is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete, and computational geometry.

In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion ( variation of refractive index with wavelength ) in relation to the refractive index, with high values of V indicating low dispersion ( low chromatic aberration ).

In physics, angular momentum, moment of momentum, or rotational momentum is a vector quantity that represents the product of a body's rotational inertia and rotational velocity about a particular axis.

In modern ( late 20th century ) theoretical physics, angular momentum is described using a different formalism.

On the inside, a renderer is a carefully engineered program, based on a selective mixture of disciplines related to: light physics, visual perception, mathematics and software development.

It is a highly selective peer-reviewed journal that aims to publish, as timely as possible, exceptional original research papers from all areas of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics.

The polarization of the cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the very early universe.

Most of Mach's initial studies in the field of experimental physics concentrated on the interference, diffraction, polarization and refraction of light in different media under external influences.

In 1871 he began to turn his attention to experimental physics, his earlier researches bearing upon the light polarization and his later work upon the electrical discharge in rarefied gases.

The polarization of the cosmic microwave background is also being used to study the physics of the very early universe.

In physics, the axial ratio describes electromagnetic radiation with elliptical, or circular, polarization.

In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics which studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid.

* Nonlinear optics, in physics, examines the properties of light in media in which the polarization responds nonlinearly to the electric field.

However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

The theory is also used in nuclear physics to describe the pairing interaction between nucleons in an atomic nucleus.

Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.

Once the electronic and nuclear variables are separated ( within the Born – Oppenheimer representation ), in the time-dependent approach, the wave packet corresponding to the nuclear degrees of freedom is propagated via the time evolution operator ( physics ) associated to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation ( for the full molecular Hamiltonian ).

In the same novel Egan describes lifeforms in the 6-D ' macrosphere ' which use a collapsed atom chemistry with energetic processes of the same order as nuclear reactions, due to the peculiarities of higher dimensional physics.

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between particles.

In nuclear physics, it is convenient to express the probability of a particular event by a cross section.

In nuclear physics, a single stray neutron can result in an prompt critical event, which may be finally be energetic enough for a nuclear reactor meltdown or ( in a bomb ) a nuclear explosion.

Like the elementary charge on which it is based, it is not an independent quantity but is equal to ( 1 J / C )( 2 h α / μ < sub > 0 </ sub > c < sub > 0 </ sub >)< sup > 0. 5 </ sup > It is a common unit of energy within physics, widely used in solid state, atomic, nuclear, and particle physics.

Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954 ) was an Italian physicist, naturalized American later in his life, particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

His abilities as a great scientist, combining theoretical and applied nuclear physics, were acknowledged by all.

Bohr grabbed him by the shoulder and said: “ Young man, let me explain to you about something new and exciting in physics .” It was clear to a number of scientists at Columbia that they should try to detect the energy released in the nuclear fission of uranium from neutron bombardment.

Later, his lecture notes, especially those for quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, and thermodynamics, were transcribed into books which are still in print.

Military commanders did not understand the physics involved in a nuclear explosion.