The Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Constantinople towards the end of 1332, mentions in his memoirs having met Andronikos III.

* 1304 – Ibn Battuta, Arabian explorer ( d. c. 1368 )

Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta left vivid descriptions of the empire.

(, ), or simply Ibn Battuta (), also known as Shams ad-Din ( February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369 ), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla ( lit.

Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.

Ibn Battuta was born into a Berber family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty.

In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his hometown on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would take sixteen months.

For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a caravan to reduce the risk of an attack by wandering Arab Bedouin.

In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over, Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of Alexandria, then part of the Bahri Mamluk empire.

Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-travelled, which involved a journey up the Nile valley, then east to the Red Sea port of Aydhab, Upon approaching the town however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.

Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled Damascus.

Rather than return home, Ibn Battuta instead decided to continue on, choosing as his next destination the Ilkhanate, a Mongol Khanate, to the northeast.

An interactive display about Ibn Battuta in Ibn Battuta Mall in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large caravan of pilgrims returning to Iraq across the Arabian Peninsula.

Then, instead of continuing on to Baghdad with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into Persia.

Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the Silk Road to Tabriz, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.

Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an excursion northwards along the river Tigris, visiting Mosul, Cizre and Mardin, in modern day Iraq and Turkey.

Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time ( the Rihla suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330 ).

Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting Sana ' a, but whether he actually did so is doubtful.

From Aden, Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for Zeila on the coast of Somalia.

Ibn Battuta described it as " an exceedingly large city " with many rich merchants, noted for its high quality fabric that was exported to other countries including Egypt.

After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of Kilwa in present day Tanzania, which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade.

When Ibn Habib's soldiers entered the camp, the Berber chieftain ’ s wife Tekfah hid Abd al-Rahman under her personal belongings to help him go unnoticed.

In the early 14th century, Ibn Battuta, a Berber traveller from North Africa, visited Kilwa and proclaimed it one of the best cities in the world.

Their role within the Fatimid state was so central that Ibn Khaldun counted the Fatimids among the Berber dynasties.

Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century: ( a ) the Berber doctor and philosopher Averroës or Ibn Rushd's interpretations of Aristotle and his reconciliation of Aristotelianism with Islamic faith ; and ( b ) the application of these ideas in the Latin Christian and Jewish intellectual traditions, such as Siger of Brabant, Boetius of Dacia, and Maimonides.

Again, this type of construction for Chinese ship hulls was attested to by the Moroccan Muslim Berber traveler Ibn Batutta ( 1304-1377 AD ), who described it in great detail ( refer to Technology of the Song Dynasty ).

Ibn Battuta ( 1304 – 1368 ), the Berber traveller, visited Jeddah during his world trip.

Rihla (, may be translated as " A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling "), simply referred to as the Rihla ( ar-Riḥlah, " The Journey "; or Riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah, " Journey of Ibn Battuta ") is a medieval book which recounts the journey of the 14th-century Berber Moroccan scholar and traveler Ibn Battuta.

Abd el-Krim ( 1882-3, Ajdir – February 6, 1963, Cairo ) ( full name: Muhammad Ibn ' Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi,, Berber name: Muḥend n Ɛabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi or Moulay Muḥend ) was a Moroccan political and military leader.

* Nūr ad-Dīn ' Abd al -' Azīz Ibn al-Qamar ( 1326 – 1398 ), Tunisian Berber prince

The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta.

Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh ( Arabic أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ ), known as Ibn Bājjah (), was an Andalusian Berber polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist.

Famous scholar Ibn Khaldun described how Banu Hilal and other Arab tribes helped spread the Arab language in areas that had been Berber speaking.

* Nūr ad-Dīn ' Abd al -' Azīz Ibn al-Qamar ( 1326 – 1398 ), Tunisian Berber Muslim prince

We find that when Muhammad Ibn Tumart — the Mahdi of Muslim Spain — who was Berber by nationality, came to power and established the pontifi cal rule of the Muwahhidun, he ordered for the sake of the illiterate Berbers that the Quran should be translated and read in the Berber language and that the call to prayer should be given in Berber.

Jebel Musa, named, according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta, to honour Musa bin Nusayr, to whom the conqueror of Andalusia Tariq ibn Ziyad owed fealty, was known to the ancient Greeks as Mount Abyla or to Romans as Columna.

The Spanish-Moroccan conflicts continued in the 20th century, under the leadership of Muhammad Ibn ' Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, the Berber guerrilla leader.

There have been some medieval hypothesis about the origin of this Berber group but were already rejected by Ibn Khaldun in the 14th-century.

Ibn khaldun, however, strongly opposes this as a fabricated lineage, since Abdelmoumen was Berber of a well known tribe and the names reported are, for the most part, Arab.

Biruni's tradition of comparative cross-cultural study continued in the Muslim world through to Ibn Khaldun's work in the fourteenth century.

Ibn al-Athir ( 1166 – 1234 ) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.

Works from the medieval Muslim world included Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's ( 828 – 896 ) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils.

The Moroccan Muslim explorer Ibn Batutta reported that one African king advised him that nearby people were cannibals ( though this may have been a prank played on Ibn Batutta by the king to fluster his guest ).

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

" Ibn Khaldun ( 1332-1406 ) was a famous Arab Muslim historian who engaged in historiography philosophy of history.

Therefore, many Muslim scholars, both classical ( Ibn Ishaq ) and modern ( Reza Aslan ), speak of Hosea as one of the true Hebrew prophets of Israel.

Some Muslim scholars, such as Ibn Kathir and Kisa ' i, reproduced Jewish traditions, transmitted through early Jewish converts to Islam, regarding Isaiah.

After spending another year in Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Muslim Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq.

In the year 1346 Ibn Battuta travelled on to Sumatra where he notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudera Pasai was a Muslim, who performed his religious duties in utmost zeal.

The madh ' hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi ‘ i, with similar customs as he had seen in coastal India especially among the Mappila Muslim, who were also the followers of Imam Al-Shafi ‘ i. Ibn Battuta then sailed to Malacca, Vietnam, the Philippines and finally Quanzhou in Fujian province, China.

Although Ibn Battuta never mentioned this visit specifically, when he heard the story it may have planted a seed in his mind as he then decided to cross the Sahara and visit the Muslim kingdoms on its far side.

Western Orientalists do not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places he described and argue that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world, he relied on hearsay evidence and made use of accounts by earlier travellers.

Ibn Battuta often experienced culture shock in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background.

For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.

According to the Muslim Jurist Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, the quote in which Muhammad is reported to have said that greater Jihad is the inner struggle, is from an unreliable source:

Ibn al-Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources ; it contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books about the doctrines of other religions.

In defining Muslim, the mystic Ibn Arabi said:

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa