In 1305, after the issuing of a fatwa by the scholar Ibn Taymiyyah calling for jihad against all non-Sunni Muslims like the Druze, Alawites, Ismaili, and twelver Shiites, al-Malik al-Nasir inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Druze at Keserwan and forced outward compliance on their part to orthodox Sunni Islam.

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote:

* Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Salafi Scholar of Islam

The father of the famous Hanbalite scholar Ibn Taymiyyah was a refugee from Harran, settling in Damascus.

* Ibn Taymiyyah, Islamic scholar

Sowa combines ideas from numerous disciplines and eras modern and ancient, for example, applying ideas from Aristotle, the medieval Scholastics to Alfred North Whitehead and including database schema theory, and incorporating the model of analogy of Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyyah in his works.

Views within Sunni Islam branched off even further in later generations, with Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi defining even a simple majority view as constituting consensus and Ibn Taymiyyah restricting consensus to the view of the religiously learned only.

Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah ( 1263 – 1328 ), the Ar-Radd ' ala al-Mantiqiyyin ( Refutation of Greek Logicians ), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism and in favour of inductive reasoning.

Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah ( 1263 – 1328 ), the Ar-Radd ' ala al-Mantiqiyyin ( Refutation of Greek Logicians ), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism and in favour of inductive reasoning.

Among the important early Muslim scholars who made valuable contributions to economic theory are Abu Yusuf ( d. 798 ), Al-Mawardi ( d. 1058 ), Ibn Hazm ( d. 1064 ), Al-Sarakhsi ( d. 1090 ), Al-Tusi ( d. 1093 ), Al-Ghazali ( d. 1111 ), Al-Dimashqi ( d. after 1175 ), Ibn Rushd ( d. 1187 ), Ibn Taymiyyah ( d. 1328 ), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah ( d. 1329 ), Ibn al-Qayyim ( d. 1350 ), Al-Shatibi ( d. 1388 ), Ibn Khaldun ( d. 1406 ), Al-Maqrizi ( d. 1442 ), Al-Dawwani ( d. 1501 ), and Shah Waliyullah ( d. 1762 ).

This is strongly opposed to the extremes of either speculative philosophy as was warned against by the Imams of the Salaf, chiefly Imam Al-Shafi ' i and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, or of anthropomorphism which was strongly refuted by Sheikh Ibn Taymiyyah in his monumental al ` Aqeedat al ` Wasatiyah who defined the aqeedah or ' creed ' of the Salaf to be the balanced middle path far from the extremities of the various sects prevalent in the Muslim world ..

However, there have been famous exceptions such as Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Rushd, however both of these, like the majority if not all of examples given of Ulama who said that talfiq is permissible, that is the layman taking opinions from other madhahib, themselves stayed within the usul of their own madhahib, with Ibn Taymiyyah following the Hanbali School and Ibn Rushd the Maliki Madhab.

* Ibn Arabi, Syrian Sufi philosopher ( d. 1240 )

* January 22 – Ibn Taymiya, Syrian philosopher and jurist ( d. 1328 )

Al-Husseini and Awni Abd al-Hadi met with the Syrian nationalists and they made a joint proclamation for a unified monarchical state under a son of Ibn Sa ' ud.

Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 – 1328 CE ), full name: Taqī ad-Dīn Abu ' l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd as-Salām Ibn Taymiya al-Ḥarrānī (), was an Islamic scholar ( alim ), theologian and logician born in Harran, located in what is now Turkey, close to the Syrian border.

But their ends were purely selfish ; they assassinated Ibn Ra ' iq, and having added his Syrian government to their own, turned their ambition towards Baghdad.

Syrian historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari did not mention Darum in his list of the route's stopping points in 1349 ( instead he wrote al-Salqah was the only post between Rafah and Gaza ) suggesting that Darum was not a major settlement at the time.

According to The Canon of Medicine for Avicenna and < nowiki >'</ nowiki > Uyun al-Anba for the medieval Arabic historian Ibn Abi Usaybi ' a, Masawaiyh's father was Syrian and his mother was Slavic.

A contemporary Syrian historian, Ibn Kathir, backed this reputation.

By some means, Ibn al-Nafis, a 13th century Syrian physician, found the previous statement on blood flow from the right ventricle to the left to be false.

And, in Ibn Yasin's ideology, anything and everything outside of Islamic law could be characterized as " opposition ".

Omari came from Asir Province, a poor region in southwestern Saudi Arabia that borders Yemen, and graduated with honours from high school, attained a degree from the Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, was married, and had a daughter.

His later life was spent in various parts of the Islamic world, in Aleppo with its governor Sayf ad-Dawlah ( to whom he dedicated the Book of Songs ), in Ray with the Buwayhid vizier Ibn ' Abbad, and elsewhere.

The nature of " being " has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.

Mather also took inspiration from Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a philosophical novel by Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( whom he refers to as " Abubekar "), a 12th-century Islamic philosopher.

During the middle ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail.

A similar Islamic theological novel, Theologus Autodidactus, was written by the Arab theologian and physician Ibn al-Nafis in the 13th century.

The first recorded reference to the bowed lira was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d. 911 ); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments he cited the lira ( lūrā ) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb played in the Islamic Empires.

Islamic Scholar Ibn Sina ( Avicenna, 981 – 1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern Geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science.

Ibn Barun in the 12th century compares the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

Ibn Abd-el-Hakem was an Egyptian who wrote the History of the Conquest of Egypt and North Africa and Spain, which was the earliest Arab account of the Islamic conquests of those countries.

Islamic philosophers such as Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Al-Farabi ( Alpharabius ), and Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) reinterpreted Greek thought in the context of their religion.

In the 12th century, Ibn Barun compared the Hebrew language with Arabic in the Islamic grammatical tradition.

Ibn Battuta was born into a Berber family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty.

Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world.

The trials and tribulations of Qiyāmah are explained in both the Qur ' an and the Hadith, as well as in the commentaries of Islamic scholars such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari.

Ibn al-Nafis dealt with Islamic eschatology in some depth in his Theologus Autodidactus, where he rationalized the Islamic view of eschatology using reason, science, and philosophy to explain the events that would occur according to Islamic eschatology.

* 1263 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar ( d. 1328 )

Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to reasoning, which Ibn Hazm ( 994-1064 ) disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a real sense and analogical reasoning in a metaphorical sense.

Ibn al-Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources ; it contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books about the doctrines of other religions.

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa