Nuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zūṭā ibn Marzubān ( Persian: نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان ), better known as Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, ( 699 — 767 CE / 80 — 148 AH ) was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of fiqh ( Islamic jurisprudence ).

The celebrated Imam Musa Kazim and his illustrious father Imam Jafar Sadiq the descendants of Muhammad, were the greatest authorities in Islamic learning of their times and Imām Abū Ḥanīfah took full advantage of their society in Medina.

Imām Abū Ḥanīfah also attended the classes of Imam Malik who was thirteen years younger than he.

Imām Abū Ḥanīfah had learnt Hadiths from more than four thousand persons.

It redounds to the credit of Imām Abū Ḥanīfah that he left behind the greatest number of pupils in the world of Islam, including Qadi Abu Yusuf, Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani, Abdur Razzaq, Abdullal Bin Al Mubarak, Abu Naeem Faza, and Abu Asim who acquired great fame in their days.

The tomb of Imām Abū Ḥanīfah and other Sunni sites including tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani were destroyed by Shah Ismail of Safavi empire in 1508.

In 1533, Ottomans reconquered Iraq and rebuilt the tomb of Imām Abū Ḥanīfah and other Sunni sites.

Ismailis have marked the Jubilees of their Imāms with public celebrations, which are symbolic affirmations of the ties that link the Ismāʿīlī Imām and his followers.

* November 10 – Musa al-Kadhim, Twelver Shī ‘ ah Imām ( d. 799 )

* December 4 – Jafar al-Sadiq, descendant of Muhammad and Shī ‘ ah Imām ( b. 702 )

* April 20 – Jafar al-Sadiq, descendant of Muhammad, Shī ‘ ah Imām, and Muslim scholar ( d. 765 )

Al-Hakim Mosque | Mosque of al-Hakim, in Cairo, Egypt, an Imamah ( Shi ' a Ismaili doctrine ) | Ismāʿīlī Shī ‘ ah Imām.

Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib also known as " Imām Alī " the First Imam of Shia's, the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad whom the Shia consider to be the righteous caliph.

It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried here, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day.

On August 29, 2003 a car bomb exploded during prayers outside the Imām Alī Mosque just as weekly prayers were ending.

The Imām ‘ Alī Holy Shrine (), also known as Masjid Ali or the Mosque of ‘ Alī, located in Najaf, Iraq, is the third holiest site for some of the estimated 200 million followers of the Shia branch of Islam.

As the burial site of Islam's second most important figure, the Imām ‘ Alī Mosque is considered by all Shias as the third holiest Islamic site The Boston Globe reports “ for the world's nearly 120 million Muslim Shias, Najaf is the third holiest city, behind Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia.

This secret gravesite is supposed to have been revealed later during the Abbasid caliphate by Ja ‘ far as-Sādiq, the Sixth Shī ‘ ah Imām.

It has also been narrated from Ja ‘ far as-Sādiq, the 6th Imām, that Imām ‘ Alī Mosque is the third of five holy places: Makkah, Madīnah, Imām ‘ Alī Mosque in Najaf, Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbalā, and the Shrine for Fātimah-daughter of Mūsā al-Kādhim in Qom.

Some of the Shī ‘ ah claimed Ismā ‘ īl had not died, but rather gone into hiding, but the proto-Ismā ‘ īlī group accepted his death and therefore that his eldest son, Muḥammad ibn Ismā ‘ īl, was now Imām.

Following the same principle is the Shī ‘ ah practice that asserts that ‘ Alī is the first Imām to teach the correct interpretation of Islam, the successor of Muḥammad.

Muḥammad ibn ‘ Alī al-Bāqir () ( 676-733 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH ) was the Fifth Imām to the Twelver Shi ‘ a and Fourth Imām to the Ismā ‘ īlī Shī ‘ a.

Abū Ḥanīfah is regarded by some as one of the Tabi ‘ un, the generation after the Sahaba, who were the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.

Abū Ḥanīfah grew up in a period of oppression during the caliphates of Abdul Malik bin Marwan and his son Al-Walid I ( Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ).

Consequently, Abū Ḥanīfah had no interest nor the opportunity to acquire any education in his early childhood.

Abū Ḥanīfah also began to take an interest in education which was heightened further by the unexpected advice of as-Sha ' bi ( d. 722 ), one of Kufa's most well-known scholars.

When Abū Ḥanīfah responded that he did not attend any classes, Sha ' bi said, " I see signs of intelligence in you.

" Taking Sha ' bi's advice, Abū Ḥanīfah embarked on a prolific quest for knowledge that would in due course have a profound impact on the history of Islam.

In his reply to al-Mansur, Abū Ḥanīfah recused himself by saying that he did not regard himself fit for the post.

Al-Mansur, who had his own ideas and reasons for offering the post, lost his temper and accused Abū Ḥanīfah of lying.

" If I am lying ," Abū Ḥanīfah said, " then my statement is doubly correct.

Incensed by this reply, the ruler had Abū Ḥanīfah arrested, locked in prison and tortured.

In 767, Abū Ḥanīfah died in prison.

The reason of his death is not clear, as some say that Abū Ḥanīfah issued a legal opinion for bearing arms against Al-mansoor, and the latter had him poisoned to death.

Later, after many years, a mosque, the Abū Ḥanīfah Mosque was built in the Adhamiyah neighborhood of Baghdad.

Ismail destroyed Sunni sites in Baghdad including tombs of Abbasid Caliphs, tombs of Sunni Imam Abū Ḥanīfah and Abdul Qadir Gilani.

By 1072 the Fatimid Caliph Abū Tamīm Ma ' ad al-Mustansir Billah in a desperate attempt to save Egypt recalled the general Badr al-Jamali, who was at the time the governor of Acre, Palestine.

Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Latin translation of Abū Maʿshar's De Magnis Coniunctionibus (‘ Of the great Conjunction ( astronomy and astrology ) | conjunctions ’), Venice, 1515. Astrology was taken up by Islamic scholars following the collapse of Alexandria to the Arabs in the 7th century, and the founding of the Abbasid empire in the 8th.

Works from the medieval Muslim world included Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's ( 828 – 896 ) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils.

* 1048 – Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Persian mathematician ( b. 973 )

Other early versions of mechanical devices used to perform one or another type of calculations include the planisphere and other mechanical computing devices invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī ( c. AD 1000 ); the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī ( c. AD 1015 ); the astronomical analog computers of other medieval Muslim astronomers and engineers ; and the astronomical clock tower of Su Song ( c. AD 1090 ) during the Song Dynasty.

The works of Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī eventually passed on to Western Europe where they were studied by scholars such as Roger Bacon and Witelo.

While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity ( for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others ), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages ( for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and Roger Bacon ), the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe.

His full Arabic name is Abū ʿImrān Mūsā bin Maimūn bin ʿUbaidallāh al-Qurṭubī ( ابو عمران موسى بن ميمون بن عبد الله القرطبي ) or Mūsā bin Maymūn () for short.

Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, an Islamic scholar and polymath scientist, understood natural law as the survival of the fittest.

The Persian physician Abū ‘ Alī al-Husayn ibn Sina (" Avicenna ") described opium as the most powerful of the stupefacients, by comparison with mandrake and other highly effective herbs, in The Canon of Medicine.

* Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī ( 9731048 AD ), considered the father of geodesy.

* 973 – Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, Khwarezmi-Persian scholar and polymath ( d. 1048 )

Archimedes, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Al-Khazini and Galileo Galilei were also major figures in the development of hydrostatics.