* In 2004, Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle published the first comprehensive review of the field of self-replication, in their book Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, which includes 3000 + literature references.

* In 2004, Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle published the first comprehensive review of the field of self-replication ( from which much of the material in this article is derived, with permission of the authors ), in their book Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, which includes 3000 + literature references.

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