In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended some time towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the " Little Ice Age " and harsher winters with reduced harvests.

Similar to much of northwest Europe, Dublin experiences a maritime climate with mild winters, cool summers, and a lack of temperature extremes.

* 1310 – 1330, many severe winters and cold, wet summers in Europe – the first clear manifestation of the unpredictable weather of the Little Ice Age that lasted for several centuries ( from about 1300 to 1900 ).

On December 16, 1944, the German army massed 29 divisions ( totaling some 250, 000 men ) at a weak point in the Allied lines and made massive headway towards the Meuse River during one of the worst winters Europe had seen in years.

In China, winters can be very cold, but temperatures tend to be more stable than in Europe and especially North America, where large temperature swings can occur in winter.

Scandinavian and Russian Robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters.

As is typical for an inland area of continental Europe, Creuse has relatively cold winters with some snowfall into April, but also hot summers.

It is found in summer throughout Europe north into Scandinavia and Scotland, though not Iceland, and winters in North Africa.

St Ives has an Oceanic climate and has some of the mildest winters and warmest summers in Britain and Northern Europe.

An extraordinary climatic shock, " The Great Frost " struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters.

The lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea in southern Europe, north Africa, and western Asia are home to the Mediterranean basin ecoregions, which together constitute world's largest and most diverse mediterranean climate region of the world, with generally mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.

In Europe, it breeds in Iceland, northern Scotland, northwestern Ireland, Scandinavia and northern Russia, and winters along the coast as far south as parts of Spain ; it also regularly occurs along major inland waterways, including the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas, as well as large rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

They are short-distance migrants or non-migratory, with part of the population ( particularly from northeastern parts of the range, where winters are colder ) moving south to winter further south in Europe and more widely in north Africa.

It occurs throughout northern and central Europe, and winters in Africa, as far south as the Cape.

The Common House Martin ( Delichon urbicum ), sometimes called the Northern House Martin or, particularly in Europe, just House Martin, is a migratory passerine bird of the swallow family which breeds in Europe, north Africa and temperate Asia ; and winters in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Asia.

The nominate subspecies A. a. albifrons breeds in the far north of Europe and Asia, and winters further south and west in Europe.

It is migratory and winters further south in Europe and Asia.

The Lesser White-fronted Goose winters further south in Europe and is a rare winter vagrant to Great Britain.

British Isles population resident, rest migratory ; winters in Europe and the Mediterranean region to about Iran.

It breeds in southern parts of eastern Europe and central Asia and winters mainly in India and southeast Asia.

This bird breeds in most of Europe and western Asia and winters in tropical Africa.

In the spring and early summer of that year she met a wealthy foreign tycoon who took her to France, where she later met a very wealthy man and toured all Europe with him.

Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages.

Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the group's popularity continued to grow ( although they were always more popular in North America and Continental Europe than in their home country, never achieving a UK Top 40 single or Top 20 album ).

Chartier's typical undergraduate course focuses upon the making, remaking, dissemination, and reading of texts in early modern Europe and America.

The evolution of the numerals in early Europe is shown on a table created by the French scholar J. E.

The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became the leading home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in much of Western Europe.

From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe.

* Select nationalities of Europe and the respective developments from early modern European cuisine of the colonial age:

These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press ; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe.

They had access to sources that the prehistory of Europe lacks such as ethnographies and the historical records of the early colonizers.

Nin was raised a Roman Catholic and spent her childhood and early life in Europe.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the early 2000s, Sofia Airport received substantial renovation, with aid from a Kuwaiti-led consortium, in anticipation of increased air connections with Europe.

Little is known of its origins but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area.

The early discovered carbonate bauxites occur predominantly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks ( limestone and dolomite ), where they were formed by lateritic weathering and residual accumulation of intercalated clays or by clay dissolution residues of the limestone.

German successes are closely related to the extent to which the German Luftwaffe was able to control the air war in early campaigns in Europe and the Soviet Union.

It is also significant that Germany ’ s position in the centre of Europe to a large extent obviated the need to make a clear distinction between bombers suitable only for ’ tactical ’ and those necessary for strategic purposes in the early stages of a likely future war.

Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Europe.

In the early 20th century, socio-cultural anthropology developed in different forms in Europe and in the United States.

Constitutional monarchy occurred first in continental Europe, briefly in the early years of the French revolution, but much more widely afterwards.

Although central banks today are generally associated with fiat money, the 19th and early 20th centuries central banks in most of Europe and Japan developed under the international gold standard, elsewhere free banking or currency boards were more usual at this time.

There are process and product guidelines in Europe that date to the early 1980s ( Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland ) and only more recently in the UK and the US.

None of the first clocks survived from 13th century Europe, but various mentions in church records reveal some of the early history of the clock.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

( It is known from Robert E. Howard's writings that the Cimmerians were based on the Celts, a barbarian tribal group of early Europe.