The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from AD 100 to the late Middle Ages.

Some of the French dialects spoken in the French and Swiss Alps derive from Old Provençal ; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages.

Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day ( cf.

The alternative word fall for the season traces its origins to old Germanic languages.

There are cognates in other Germanic languages.

This group of languages ( Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages, influence on English was notably limited.

However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages.

Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English ; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages.

Historical expansion of the usage of Slavic languages in the South and East, and Germanic languages in the West reduced the geographic distribution of Baltic languages to a fraction of the area which they had formerly covered.

The word borough derives from common Germanic * burg, meaning fort: compare with bury ( England ), burgh ( Scotland ), Burg ( Germany ), borg ( Scandinavia ), burcht ( Dutch ) and the Germanic borrowing present in neighbouring Indo-european languages such as borgo ( Italian ), bourg ( French ) and burgo ( Spanish and Portuguese ).

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

In the Germanic and some Slavic languages, the word kyriak-ós /- ē /- ón was adopted instead and derivatives formed thereof.

Additional cognates of the same word in other Germanic languages include the German Schürze and Dutch schort ( apron ).

Therefore, English and German are considered to belong to a different subgroup, the Germanic languages.

In publications of 1647 and 1654, Marcus van Boxhorn first described a rigid methodology for historical linguistic comparisons and proposed the existence of an Indo-European proto-language ( which he called " Scythian ") unrelated to Hebrew, but ancestral to Germanic, Greek, Romance, Persian, Sanskrit, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic languages.

In 18th and 19th century Germany, several thousand local languages of the continental west Germanic dialect continuum were reclassified as dialects of modern New High German although the vast majority of them were ( and still are ) mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that they all existed long before New High German, which had at least in part been shaped as a compromise or mediative language between these local languages.

* The Danish tongue or Old Norse, the parent language of all North Germanic languages

Standard Danish has two genders and the definite form of nouns is formed by the use of suffixes, while Western Jutlandic has only one gender and the definite form of nouns uses an article before the noun itself, in the same fashion as West Germanic languages.

Little is known about early Germanic history, except through their recorded interactions with the Roman Empire, etymological research and archaeological finds.

This process took place separately in the various Germanic languages starting around 450 or 500 AD, and affected all of the early languages except for Gothic.

The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geolinguistic divide between Romance and Germanic dialects, except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the Vosges mountains, the city of Metz and in the area of Château-Salins ( formerly in the Meurthe département ), which were annexed by Germany despite the fact that people there spoke French.

The name appearing in the title belonged to a historian of Germanic tribes, Sulpicius Alexander, whose works are all lost except for quotes in Gregory of Tours.

This is similar to how gender is used in many Germanic and Romance languages, except that instead of the usual two or three, there are around eighteen different noun classes, most of them rather only generally defined.

As with the Anglo-Frisian languages and the North Germanic languages, Low German has not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except for old having shifted to / d /.

18 ) that the Germans are mainly content with one wife, except for a few political marriages, and specifically and explicitly compares this practice favorably to other barbarian cultures, perhaps since monogamy was a shared value between Roman and Germanic cultures.

Thus, it includes all the Germanic languages except Frisian and English, as well as the Northern Germanic Scandinavian languages like Norwegian and Danish.

The latter is textually reconstructed to * ripfera, except that " phonetically * ripf-cannot come from rip -;" that is, Ripuarii, not being in the process leading to Old High German, is not Germanic.

The month names do not coincide, thus it is not possible to postulate names of a Common Germanic stage, except possibly the name of a spring and a winter month, and.

In English and other West Germanic languages, the cognate is un -, except in Dutch, where it is on -.

Of the two sections that cover the Alsace region, the one on Germany makes no mention of any Germanic tribes there except the Suebi.

This future empire was to consist of, in addition to Greater Germany, virtually all of historically Germanic Europe ( except Great Britain ), whose inhabitants the Nazis believed to be " Aryan " in nature.

This process took place separately in the various Germanic languages starting around 450 or 500 AD in the North Sea area, and affected all of the early languages except for Gothic.

By historical times ( c. 800-900 AD ), all of the West Germanic languages except Old Saxon had dropped the in these words, but not before it had triggered i-Mutation, as well as palatalization in Old English and Old Frisian.

* A language may use different sets of symbols or different rules for distinct sets of vocabulary items, such as the Japanese hiragana and katakana syllabaries, or the various rules in English for spelling words from Latin and Greek, or the original Germanic vocabulary.

Both the Latin and the Germanic words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root el -, meaning " red " or " brown ", which is also a root for the English words " elk " and another tree: " elm ", a tree distantly related to the alders.

Theodism, or Þéodisc Geléafa ( Old English: " tribal belief ") is another form of Germanic neopaganism that developed in the United States contemporaneous with Asatru.

Theodism is focused on the lore, beliefs and social structure-particularly the concept of thew ( Old English þeaw ) or " customary law "-of various specific Germanic tribes.

Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 – 1860, in which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe came to the United States ; one from 1865 – 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third from 1890 – 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern, and southern Europe ( many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian ) settled in the United States.

The word comes from Old English " bōc " which ( itself ) comes from the Germanic root "* bōk -", cognate to beech.

Although its author is unknown, its themes and subject matter are rooted in Germanic heroic poetry, in Anglo-Saxon tradition recited and cultivated by Old English poets called scops.

M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt assert in their introduction to Beowulf in the Norton Anthology of English Literature that, " The poet was reviving the heroic language, style, and pagan world of ancient Germanic oral poetry it is now widely believed that Beowulf is the work of a single poet who was a Christian and that his poem reflects well-established Christian tradition.

He argued that the term bretwalda " falls into line with the other evidence which points to the Germanic origin of the earliest English institutions ".

English is a West Germanic language originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands.

The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion ; the first was by language speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family ; they conquered and colonised parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries.

The word battle is a loanword in English from the Old French bataille, first attested in 1297, from Late Latin battualia, meaning " exercise of soldiers and gladiators in fighting and fencing ", from Late Latin ( taken from Germanic ) battuere " beat ", from which the English word battery is also derived via Middle English batri, and comes from the staged battles in the Colosseum in Rome that may have numbered 10, 000 individuals.

Thus, for example, the English form is is an apparent cognate of German ist, Latin est and Russian < nowiki > jest '</ nowiki >, even though the Germanic, Italic, and Slavic language groups split at least three thousand years ago.

Gaulish karnon " horn " is cognate with Latin cornu and Germanic * hurnaz, English horn, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.

Germanic languages have special words for 11 and 12, such as eleven and twelve in English, which are often misinterpreted as vestiges of a duodecimal system.

Old English was a highly inflected language, as befits its Indo-European and especially its Germanic linguistic ancestry, but its declensions greatly simplified as it evolved into Modern English.