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semiconductors and material
This is typically an undesired effect, so most semiconductors are packaged in light blocking material.
Such disordered materials lack the rigid crystalline structure of conventional semiconductors such as silicon and are generally used in thin film structures, which do not require material of higher electronic quality, being relatively insensitive to impurities and radiation damage.
If a large density of excitons is created in a material, they can interact with one another to form an electron-hole liquid, a state observed in k-space indirect semiconductors.
Some theories attempt to be universal, while others are applicable to only a certain type of material, such as semiconductors.
The spontaneous and stimulated emission processes are vastly more efficient in direct bandgap semiconductors than in indirect bandgap semiconductors ; therefore silicon is not a common material for laser diodes.
The valence electrons are bound to individual atoms, as opposed to conduction electrons ( found in conductors and semiconductors ), which can move freely within the atomic lattice of the material.
On a graph of the electronic band structure of a material, the valence band is located below the conduction band, separated from it in insulators and semiconductors by a band gap.
Examples for material systems used are gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) and aluminium gallium arsenide ( AlGaAs ) or other compound semiconductors.
* Inversion layer ( semiconductors ), a layer in a semiconductor material where the type of the majority carriers changes to its opposite under certain conditions
The exact threshold of " wideness " often depends on the context, but for common usage, " wide " bandgap typically refers to material with a band gap significantly greater than that of the commonly-used semiconductors, Silicon ( 1. 1 eV ) or gallium arsenide ( 1. 4 eV ).
N-type semiconductors are a type of extrinsic semiconductor where the dopant atoms ( donors ) are capable of providing extra conduction electrons to the host material ( e. g. phosphorus in silicon ).
If two separate pieces of material were used, this would introduce a grain boundary between the semiconductors that severely inhibits its utility by scattering the electrons and holes.
Quantum wells are formed in semiconductors by having a material, like gallium arsenide sandwiched between two layers of a material with a wider bandgap, like aluminium arsenide.
Because one of the main mechanisms for electrons to be excited to the conduction band is due to thermal energy, the conductivity of semiconductors is strongly dependent on the temperature of the material.
If metal touches a semiconductive material, or if two different semiconductors are placed into contact, one becomes charged slightly positive and the other slightly negative.
For semiconductors doped through diffusion or surface peaked ion implantation we define the sheet resistance using the average resistivity of the material:
For example, an investor or trader may describe the current market movements as favoring basic material stocks over semiconductor stocks by calling the environment a sector rotation from semiconductors to basic materials.
The scientific principles are well known, but modern nano-scale technology and new wide bandgap semiconductors have created new devices and interesting material properties not previously available.
A barrier metal is a material used in integrated circuits to chemically isolate semiconductors from soft metal interconnects, while maintaining an electrical connection between them.
Electronic band structure of a semiconductor material. In semiconductors the Fermi energy lies in the middle of a forbidden band or band gap between two allowed bands called the valence band and the conduction band.
( SO stands for SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >, a material used to produce semiconductors )

semiconductors and used
Deep level transient spectroscopy has been used for studying the electrical activity of dislocations in semiconductors, mainly silicon.
Today most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used.
This technique is used for non-destructive inspection of devices with very small features such as those found in modern semiconductors.
:* Electronic and magnetic materials – materials such as semiconductors used to create integrated circuits, storage media, sensors, and other devices.
Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery.
Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor ( silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially ) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area.
Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications.
Degenerately ( very highly ) doped semiconductors have conductivity levels comparable to metals and are often used in modern integrated circuits as a replacement for metal.
Often superscript plus and minus symbols are used to denote relative doping concentration in semiconductors.
This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology.
Junctions between metals and n-type or p-type semiconductors, or between the two types of semiconductors, have asymmetric conduction properties, and semiconductor junctions can therefore be used to rectify electrical currents.
* Copper indium selenide ( CuInSe < sub > 2 </ sub >), a chemical substance used in solar cells and semiconductors
Semiconductor optical amplifiers are typically made from group III-V compound semiconductors such as GaAs / AlGaAs, InP / InGaAs, InP / InGaAsP and InP / InAlGaAs, though any direct band gap semiconductors such as II-VI could conceivably be used.
Two commonly used HBTs are silicon – germanium and aluminum gallium arsenide, though a wide variety of semiconductors may be used for the HBT structure.
In geology, mineralogy and materials science, a scanning electron microscope with specialized optical detectors, or an optical cathodoluminescence microscope, is used to examine internal structures of semiconductors, rocks, ceramics, glass, etc.
* XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, viscous oils, glues, ion modified materials and many others.
The semiconductors commonly used in commercial solar cells have bandgaps near the peak of this curve, for example silicon ( 1. 1eV ) or CdTe ( 1. 5eV ).
This meaning is used in Auger electron spectroscopy ( and other x-ray techniques ), in computational chemistry, and to explain the low electron-electron scattering-rate in crystals ( metals, semiconductors ).
In some semiconductors, such as silicon, the hole's effective mass is dependent on direction ( anisotropic ), however a value averaged over all directions can be used for some macroscopic calculations.
It is used, for example, to describe metals, insulators, and semiconductors.

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