* Lagrange discusses how numerous astronomical observations should be combined so as to give the most probable result.

Moreover, by a theorem of Lagrange, the number of solutions modulo p to a congruence of degree q modulo p is at most q ( this follows since the integers modulo p form a field, and a polynomial of degree q has at most q roots ).

French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O. P.

The Lagrangian points (; also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points ) are the five positions in an orbital configuration where a small object affected only by gravity can theoretically be part of a constant-shape pattern with two larger objects ( such as a satellite with respect to the Earth and Moon ).

If the generalized coordinates are represented as a vector and time differentiation is represented by a dot over the variable, then the equations of motion ( known as the Lagrange or Euler – Lagrange equations ) are a set of equations:

Many great mathematicians of the past were preoccupied by numerical analysis, as is obvious from the names of important algorithms like Newton's method, Lagrange interpolation polynomial, Gaussian elimination, or Euler's method.

This method always terminates with a solution ( proved by Lagrange in 1768 ).

The general theory of Pell's equation, based on continued fractions and algebraic manipulations with numbers of the form was developed by Lagrange in 1766 – 1769.

This algebra is quotiented over by the ideal generated by the Euler – Lagrange equations.

Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by a sexist society, she gained education from books in her father's library and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss.

Another early venture was by Joseph Louis Lagrange in his Theory of Analytic Functions ( 1797, 1813 ).

Historically, the problem of a vibrating string such as that of a musical instrument was studied by Jean le Rond d ' Alembert, Leonhard Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, and Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

By using Lagrange multipliers and seeking the extremum of the Lagrangian, it may be readily shown that the solution to the equality constrained problem is given by the linear system:

Within two years and a half he had mastered all the subjects prescribed for examination, and a great deal more, and, on going up for examination at Toulouse, he astounded his examiner by his knowledge of J. L. Lagrange.

* It was proven by Lagrange that every positive integer is the sum of four squares.

Another unit for time, more familiar than some other suggestions, could be 14. 4 minutes, i. e. a shorter quarter of an hour, or a centiday, as proposed by Lagrange.

Other attempts were made by Euler ( 1749 ), de Foncenex ( 1759 ), Lagrange ( 1772 ), and Laplace ( 1795 ).

Yet, an explicit expression of the error was provided much later on by Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

A further step was the 1770 paper Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations by the French-Italian mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange, in his method of Lagrange resolvents, where he analyzed Cardano and Ferrarri's solution of cubics and quartics by considering them in terms of permutations of the roots, which yielded an auxiliary polynomial of lower degree, providing a unified understanding of the solutions and laying the groundwork for group theory and Galois theory.

The Euler – Lagrange equations of motion for the functional E are then given in local coordinates by

The Taylor series of around 0 can be found using the Lagrange inversion theorem and is given by

The theorem was proved by Lagrange and generalized by Hans Heinrich Bürmann, both in the late 18th century.

Lagrange did not prove Lagrange's theorem in its general form.

With the later development of abstract groups, this result of Lagrange on polynomials was recognized to extend to the general theorem about finite groups which now bears his name.

One may observe that the above computation can be repeated plainly in more general settings than: a generalization of the Lagrange inversion formula is already available working in the-modules, where is a complex exponent.

* Joseph Lagrange ( soldier ) ( 1763 – 1836 ), French infantry general

In Méchanique Analytique ( 1788 ) Lagrange derived the general equations of motion of a mechanical body.

* Lagrange publishes his second paper on the general process for solving an algebraic equation of any degree via Lagrange resolvents ; and proves Wilson's theorem that if n is a prime, then ( n − 1 )!

He is most famous as the inventor of tensor calculus, although the advent of tensor calculus in dynamics goes back to Lagrange, who originated the general treatment of a dynamical system, and to Riemann, who was the first to think geometry in an arbitrary number of dimensions.

Mark Oliver Everett is the son of physicist Hugh Everett III, originator of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory and of the use of Lagrange multipliers for general engineering optimizations.

Count Joseph Lagrange ( 10 January 1763 – 16 January 1836 ) was a French soldier who rose through the ranks and gained promotion to the rank of general officer during the French Revolutionary Wars, subsequently pursuing a successful career during the Napoleonic Wars and winning promotion to the top military rank of General of Division.

Lagrange, tackling the general three-body problem, considered the behaviour of the distances between the bodies, without finding a general solution.

Lagrange in 1773 initiated the development of the general theory of quadratic forms.

Lagrange gave a proof in 1770 based on his general theory of integral quadratic forms.

Ruffini developed Joseph Louis Lagrange's work on permutation theory, following 29 years after Lagrange ’ s " Réflexions sur la théorie algébrique des equations " ( 1770 – 1771 ) which was largely ignored until Ruffini who established strong connections between permutations and the solvability of algebraic equations.

Lagrange gave a proof in 1775 that was based on his study of quadratic forms.

Lagrange proved that all forms of discriminant − 1 and are equivalent ( a form satisfying this conditions is said to be reduced ).

Lagrange did not prove his theorem ; all he did, essentially, was to discuss some special cases.

Not all of the ring material would have necessarily been swept up right away ; the thickened crust of the Far Side suggests that a second moon about 1, 000-km in diameter formed in a Lagrange point of the Moon ; after tens of millions of years, as the two moons migrated outward from the Earth, solar tidal effects would have made the Lagrange orbit unstable, resulting in a slow-velocity collision that would have ' pancaked ' the smaller moon onto what is now the Far Side.

These last four attempts assumed implicitly Girard's assertion ; to be more precise, the existence of solutions was assumed and all that remained to be proved was that their form was a + bi for some real numbers a and b. In modern terms, Euler, de Foncenex, Lagrange, and Laplace were assuming the existence of a splitting field of the polynomial p ( z ).

The oldest Methodist woman's college is Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia ; other Methodist colleges that were formerly women's institutions are Lagrange College and Andrew College in Georgia, Columbia College in Columbia, South Carolina, and Greensboro College in Greensboro, North Carolina.

In 2010, however, using infrared observation techniques, the asteroid was found to be a trojan companion of the Earth ; it librates around the leading Lagrange point,, in a stable orbit.

Jumps are normally made to and from points far above a solar system's ecliptic, usually where the gravitational influence in the system is most stable ; however, so-called " pirate points " exist where local gravitational pull is stable enough to used ; though quicker, using such points is also more dangerous due the random appearance of so-called " Lagrange points ".

When the probability is derived from the Gibbs measure, as it would be for any Markovian process, then can also be understood to be a Lagrange multiplier ; Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce constraints, such as holding the expectation value of some quantity constant.

is sometimes called the energy or action of the curve ; this name is justified because the geodesic equations are the Euler – Lagrange equations of motion for this action.

** Joseph-Louis Lagrange ;

For comparison, in the equivalent Euler – Lagrange equations of motion of Lagrangian mechanics, the conjugate momenta also do not appear ; however, those equations are a system of N, generally second-order equations for the time evolution of the generalized coordinates.

In mathematics, the Lagrange reversion theorem gives series or formal power series expansions of certain implicitly defined functions ; indeed, of compositions with such functions.

* Lagrange Inversion &# 91 ; Reversion &# 93 ; Theorem on MathWorld