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Lakoff and George
A set of ontological distinctions related by a single conceptual metaphor was called an ontological metaphor by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who claimed that such metaphors arising from experience were more basic than any properties or symbol-based comparisons.
In the realm of linguistics, Noam Chomsky and George Lakoff have been influential ( both have also become notable as political commentators ).
In Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.
( This inspired the title of the George Lakoff book Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.
One of those who adopted a more Whorfian approach was George Lakoff.
Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being ( hereinafter WMCF ) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.
George P. Lakoff (, born May 24, 1941 ) is an American cognitive linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1972.
He co-authored Where Mathematics Comes From with George Lakoff.
The most accessible, famous, and infamous treatment of this perspective is Where Mathematics Comes From, by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez.
* Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1980 ).
* Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1997 ).
Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think is a 1996 book by cognitive linguist George Lakoff.
* Lakoff, George.
This idea, and a detailed examination of the underlying processes, was first extensively explored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their work Metaphors We Live By.
In George Lakoff and Mark Johnson ’ s work, Metaphors We Live By ( 1980 ), we see how everyday language is filled with metaphors we may not always notice.
A less extreme, but similar, claim is made by George Lakoff in his book Moral Politics and his later book on framing, Don't Think of an Elephant !.
* Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson ( 1999 ) Philosophy in the Flesh.
* Lakoff, George ( 1995 ) Moral Politics.
* Lakoff, George & Mark Turner ( 1989 ) More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor.
* Lakoff, George ( 1987 ) Women, Fire and Dangerous Things.
* Lakoff, George ( 1987 ).
Since the research by Eleanor Rosch and George Lakoff in the 1970s, categorization can also be viewed as the process of grouping things based on prototypes-the idea of necessary and sufficient conditions is almost never met in categories of naturally occurring things.
Resisting ideolologies involves resisting the conceptual metaphors which an ideology adopts and imposes upon us, Goatly argues, following George Lakoff and his critique of conceptual metaphors in contemporary politics.
Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception — which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

Lakoff and &
It was Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ) who greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language.
* Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By ( IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980 ), Chapters 1 – 3.
Lakoff, Robin " Language and Woman's Place " ( New York, Harper & Row, 1975 ).
* Lakoff, George ; & Ross, John R..

Lakoff and Mark
Lakoff is, with coauthors Mark Johnson and Rafael E. Núñez, one of the primary proponents of the embodied mind thesis.
* Lakoff, George and Mark Turner.
One motivation for making humanoid robots can be understood in the book Philosophy in the Flesh by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff.
* George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, 1999.
A central claim is that the content of all linguistic signs involve mental simulations and are ultimately dependent on basic image schemas of the kind advocated by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff and so ECG aligns itself with cognitive linguistics.
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's Metaphors We Live By ( 1980: 37 ) emphasizes " the face for the person " metonymy.
* Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark.
Karl Popper called the process " conjectures and refutations ", which although expressing a core insight, has been shown to be too restrictive a characterization by the work of Michel Callon, Paul Feyerabend, Elihu M. Gerson, Mark Johnson, Thomas Kuhn, George Lakoff, Imre Lakatos, Bruno Latour, John Law, Susan Leigh Star, Anselm Strauss, Lucy Suchman, Ludwig Wittgenstein, etc .. Three basic kinds of participation in Ether are proposing, supporting, and opposing.
George Lakoff, Mark Turner and others have argued that our abstract skills in areas such as mathematics, ethics and philosophy depend on unconscious skills that derive from the body, and that conscious symbol manipulation is only a small part of our intelligence.

Lakoff and Johnson
The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).
* Lakoff, G and Johnson, M. ( 1999 ).
Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors we use, such as “ argument is war ” and “ time is money .” Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning.
The authors also suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine: “ Communication is not what one does with the machine, but is the machine itself .” ( Johnson, Lakoff, 1980 ).
WMCF builds on earlier books by Lakoff ( 1987 ) and Lakoff and Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ), which analyze such concepts of metaphor and image schemata from second-generation cognitive science.
The term " concrete ," in this theory, has been further specified by Lakoff and Johnson as more closely related to the developmental, physical neural, and interactive body ( see embodied philosophy ).
In their 1980 work, Lakoff and Johnson closely examined a collection of basic conceptual metaphors, including:
Lakoff and Johnson focus on English, and cognitive scholars writing in English have tended not to investigate the discourse of foreign languages in any great detail to determine the creative ways in which individuals negotiate, resist and consolidate conceptual metaphors.
Following Lakoff and Johnson, Ramachandran argues that metaphors are non-arbitrary.
Similar to the analysis of out given by Johnson, Lakoff argued that there were six basic spatial schemas for the English word over.
( This view is shared by psychologists in the embodied psychology ( Lakoff and Johnson 1999 ) and distributed cognition traditions.

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