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* Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen
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Liquid and oxygen
Liquid oxygen is used as an oxidizer of hydrogen, but oxygen is not, strictly speaking, a fuel.
Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.
Liquid hydrogen and oxygen were also used in the Space Shuttle to run the fuel cells that power the electrical systems.
* Liquid oxygen and kerosene or RP-1
* Liquid oxygen and ethanol
Liquid nitrogen may be produced for direct sale, or as a byproduct of manufacture of liquid oxygen used for industrial processes such as steelmaking.
Liquid oxygen — abbreviated LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industries — is one of the physical forms of elemental oxygen.
Liquid oxygen has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic and can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet.
Liquid oxygen has a density of 1. 141 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup > ( 1. 141 kg / L ) and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 50. 5 K (− 368. 77 ° F ; − 222. 65 ° C ) and a boiling point of 90. 19 K (− 297. 33 ° F, − 182. 96 ° C ) at 101. 325 kPa ( 760 mmHg ).
Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1: 861 at 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ); and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a source of breathing oxygen.
Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen.
Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point at − 196 ° C ( 77 K ) than oxygen's − 183 ° C ( 90 K ), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material.
Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant.
Liquid oxygen is a common liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen or kerosene.
Liquid oxygen is useful in this role because it creates a high specific impulse.
Liquid oxygen was also used in some early ICBMs, although more modern ICBMs do not use liquid oxygen because its cryogenic properties and need for regular replenishment to replace boiloff make it harder to maintain and launch quickly.
Liquid and liquid
In the construction industry a specialised proprietary adhesive known as Liquid Nails ( or liquid nails as the generic ), is used.
Liquid chromatography ( LC ) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid.
* Liquid to solid cycle ( Frost heaving — water changing from ice to liquid and back again can lift rock up to 60 cm.
The origins and the complex history of liquid crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry.
* Timothy J. Sluckin History of Liquid Crystals, a presentation and extracts from the book Crystals that Flow: Classic papers from the history of liquid crystals.
Liquid crystals ( LCs ) are a state of matter that have properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal.
Liquid crystals find wide use in liquid crystal displays, which rely on the optical properties of certain liquid crystalline substances in the presence or absence of an electric field.
Liquid crystal lasers use a liquid crystal in the lasing medium as a distributed feedback mechanism instead of external mirrors.
* Introduction to liquid crystals from the Liquid Crystal Technology Group, Oxford University
Liquid column gauges consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube that has ends which are exposed to different pressures.
Liquid nitrogen, a fluid resembling water in appearance, but with 80. 8 % of the density ( the density of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point is 0. 808 g / mL ), is a common cryogen.
Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
Liquid and slurry pumps can lose prime and this will require the pump to be primed by adding liquid to the pump and inlet pipes to get the pump started.
Liquid pressure also depends on the density of the liquid.
Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are the most commonly used forms of energy storage for use in transportation, but because the byproducts of the reaction that utilizes these liquid fuels ' energy ( combustion ) produce greenhouse gases other energy carriers like hydrogen can be used to avoid production of greenhouse gases.
A similar product, called the Liquid Flavor Injector, allowed for the injecting of liquid ingredients into meat, e. g., lime juice into chicken.
Liquid propellants generally have densities similar to water ( with the notable exceptions of liquid hydrogen and liquid methane ), and these types are able to use lightweight, low pressure tanks and typically run high-performance turbopumps to force the propellant into the combustion chamber.
Liquid helium also has this property, but, in the case of He-II, the flow of the liquid in the layer is not restricted by its viscosity but by a critical velocity which is about 20 cm / s.
* Liquid breathing-so far, in the real world, liquid breathing for humans is only laboratory experiments, and ( one lung at a time ) medical treatment.
* Liquid in liquid:
Liquid and hydrogen
Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density ( 14 times lower than water ) and requires extensive insulation — whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage.
Liquid metallic hydrogen is thought to be present in large amounts in the gravitationally compressed interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, and some of the newly discovered extrasolar planets.
Liquid hydrogen engines were first successfully developed in America, the RL-10 engine first flew in 1962.
* Liquid hydrogen
Liquid sterilants and high disinfectants typically include oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid and aldehydes such as glutaraldehyde and more recently o-phthalaldehyde.
* Liquid propellants can leak, especially hydrogen, possibly leading to the formation of an explosive mixture.
Liquid hydrogen must be kept colder than about 20 ° C above absolute zero ( 20 K or − 252 ° C or − 423 ° F ) so good insulation is very important.
* Liquid hydrogen ( LH < sub > 2 </ sub >) and liquid oxygen ( LOX ) for fuel cell operation and water production, with LOX also being used to provide breathing oxygen for the crew.
* Liquid hydrogen trailer
Liquid hydrogen storage tanks must also be well insulated to minimize boil off.
Liquid methane has 3. 2 times the energy density of liquid hydrogen and is easier to store.
Liquid hydrogen cyanide can be flushed with water.
# REDIRECT Liquid hydrogen
* Liquid hydrogen tank truck
Liquid hydrogen at-250 to-265 ° C can also be used as a coolant.
Liquid hydrogen is also used both as a fuel and as a coolant to cool nozzles and combustion chambers of rocket engines.
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