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* Loulan – Located in the Taklamakan Desert, on the ancient Silk Road route.
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Loulan and –
Fragment of carpet discovered by Aurel Stein in a refuse pit at Loulan Kingdom | Loulan, Xinjiang, and attributed to 3rd – 4th century.
* December – The Han Dynasty Chinese under commander Zhao Ponu are victorious in the Battle of Loulan in the Tarim Basin, resulting in the submission of Dayuan and the Wusun in Central Asia.
The ruin city of Loulan was discovered by Sven Hedin in 1900, who excavated some houses and found a wooden Kharosthi tablet and many Chinese manuscripts from the Western Jin Dynasty ( 265 – 420 ) which recorded that the area was called " Kroraina " by the locals in Kharosthi ( but which was rendered as " Lou-lan " in Chinese )
Loulan and Taklamakan
In 77 BC, a controversial incident involving the Xiyu ( modern Xinjiang and former-Soviet central Asia ) kingdom of Loulan ( on northeastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert ) would unfold itself, although whether Emperor Zhao played any role in the decision-making is unclear.
The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves () are complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating from the 5th to 14th century between the cities of Turpan and Shanshan ( Loulan ) at the north-east of the Taklamakan Desert near the ancient ruins of Gaochang in the Mutou Valley, a gorge in the Flaming Mountains, China.
Loulan and Desert
Loulan or Kroran was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city already known in the 2nd century BCE on the north-eastern edge of the Lop Desert.
Loulan or Kroran ( ), known to Russian archaeologists as Krorayina, was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city along the Silk Road already known in the 2nd century BCE on the north-eastern edge of the Lop Desert.
Loulan and on
These provided information about the history of the city of Loulan, which had once been located on the shores of Lop Nur but had been abandoned around the year 330 CE because the lake had dried out, depriving the inhabitants of drinking water.
A mummy called the " Beauty of Loulan " was found at a cemetery site on the bank of Töwän River.
* The middle Tarim route, allowing the shortest possible itinerary of all four routes, connected Korla on the northern Tarim route over Loulan across the Lop Nor region with Dunhuang on the southern Tarim route.
He arrived on the pretext of carrying gold and valuables to the outer states and intending to give a presentation to the king, but stabbed the Loulan king to death while he was drunk.
The ruins of the town of Loulan are on what were the western banks of Lop Nur, now desiccated, in the Bayin ' gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang.
Loulan was on the main route from Dunhuang to Korla, where it joined the so-called " northern route ", and was also connected by a route southwest to the kingdom ’ s seat of government in the town of Wuni in the Charkhlik / Ruoqiang oasis, and from thence to Khotan and Yarkand.
The Xiongu, on hearing of these events, also attacked Loulan.
He arrived on the pretext of carrying gold and valuables to the outer states and intending to present the king with gifts, but stabbed the Loulan king to death while he was drunk.
According to Weishu, in 442 CE, the king of Shanshan, named Bilong, fled to Qiemo ( Cherchen ) together with half of his countrymen after an attack by Juqu Anzhou on Loulan, and Shanshan then came to be ruled by Qiemo.
** shortcut from Korla to Dunhuang on the southern route across Lop Nor: Loulan
Loulan and ancient
The Tarim mummies have been found in the Tarim Basin, in the area of Loulan located along the Silk Road 200 km East of Yingpan, dating to as early as 1600 BC and suggesting very ancient contacts between East and West.
Former water resources of the Tarim River and Lop Nur nurtured the kingdom of Loulan since the second century BCE, an ancient civilization along the Silk Road, which skirted the lake-filled basin.
In Shiji it was called Yan Ze ( 鹽澤, literally Salt Marsh ), indicating its saline nature, and was located next to the ancient Loulan Kingdom.
The change in the course of the river, which resulted in Lop Nur drying up, was also suggested by Hedin as the reason why ancient settlements such as Loulan had perished.
The plan includes development of a themed destination which would include a walled city reminiscent of ancient Loulan, desert facing hotels, shops and restaurants as well as a themed residential development.
Loulan and .
The first Chinese military campaigns in Turkestan dates to the Battle of Loulan in the 2nd century BC, and were largely successful.
A few years earlier, the King of Loulan had died, and with Xiongnu support, one of his sons, Angui ( 安歸 ) succeeded him, and Angui started a policy of befriending Xiongnu and resisting Han, particularly because Luolan's geographical location meant that it was often ordered by Han to escort its imperial messengers, who were also rude to Luolan officials.
Fu accomplished this by claiming that he was there to reward Xiyu kings with jewels and other precious items, and then, setting a private meeting up with Angui, he stabbed him in the heart, and then, warning that any further action would bring a large Chinese army, he got the Loulan nobles to submit and make a brother of Angui, Weituqi ( 尉屠耆 ), who was friendly to Han, king.
Loulan was renamed Shanshan.
Loulan became a client-state of the Chinese empire in 55 BCE, renamed Shanshan.
This suggests an association that, though valid, is not exclusive, and Rausing termed this type the ' Qum-Darya Bow ' from the Han Chinese type-site at the frontier post of Loulan, at the mouth of the ( Qum-Darya ) river, dated by analogy to c. 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.
This included the kingdoms of Kashgar, Loulan, and Khotan, which were returned to Chinese control.
It was previously known as Loulan Kingdom, but was renamed Shanshan after the king of Loulan was assassinated by a Chinese envoy in 77 BCE, and thereafter existed largely as a puppet state of China.
The site of Loulan covered about with a Buddhist pagoda about high, numerous houses, and irrigation ditches.
In 126 BCE, the Chinese envoy, Zhang Qian described Loulan as a fortified city near Lop Nur.
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